MOVEMENT IN AND OUT

OF CELLS

VOCABULARY
Solute Vs. solvent
Concentration
Concentrated vs dilute
Concentration gradient
Partially permeable membrane, selectively
permeable membrane

SOLUTE AND SOLVENT

Solute the particle found in a liquid/solvent
Solvent The liquid the particle/solute is
dissolved in
Ex: salt in a glass of water
Salt is the solute
Water is the solvent

DIFFUSION OF GASES
Gas = solute
When a gas diffuses in water, the water acts
as a solvent and the gas as the solute.
Water = solvent
Together they mix and a solution is made
**Dont always assume a solvent is water**

CONCENTRATION
The amount of a solute in a solvent.
Ex. The amount of salt in a glass of water
20% of salt vs 80%

CONCENTRATED VS DILUTE
The amount of solute vs. solvent
Concentrated: more solute than solvent (more
salt than water)
Dilute: more solvent than solute (more water
then salt)
Think about your urine! What colour is dilute
and what colour is concentrated?

VOCABULARY
Concentration
gradient: A
gradual change
in concentration
between two
areas (high and
low)

VOCABULARY
Partially permeable
Membrane : allows only
certain substances to
pass through

PASSIVE VS ACTIVE TRANSPORT

What is the main difference between them?

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE

TRANSPORT
ENERGY!
Active transport requires energy (this will only
happen in living cells)
Passive transport does NOT require energy
(this will happen in non living and living
things)

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE

TRANSPORT
Active

Passive
-Does not require energy
-Does not always need a
membrane
-From a region of high
concentration to low
concentration through random
movement
-Down a concentration
gradient
-Pertains to Osmosis and
Diffusion

-Requires energy (must be

in a living organism)
-Requires a membrane
-From a region of low
concentration to high
concentration not through
random movement
-Against the concentration
gradient
- Can only occur in a living
cell (to get energy)

HOW ARE THINGS

TRANSPORTED
3 processes
Osmosis (passive transport)
Diffusion (passive transport)
Active transport

DIFFUSION
The net movement of molecules from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration down a concentration gradient
as a result of their random movement.

I smell
it!

I smell
it!

I
smell
it!

I smell
it!

I
smell
it!

I smell
it!

I smell
it!

I smell
it!

I smell
it!

Is a partially permeable membrane

needed for diffusion?

HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT

MOVES?
Ask yourself: What molecule is smaller?
Water or starch?

diffusion of glucose
molecule
glucose
molecule
High
concentration

low
concentration

starch
molecule

Is a partially permeable membrane

needed for diffusion?
NO think of how perfume diffuses
in a room. There is no partially
permeable membrane

CLASS LIST ACTIVITY

SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

The rate of movement depends
heavily on the surface to volume
ratio

WHAT ELSE CAN EFFECT RATE

OF DIFFUSION?

Osmosis A Kind of Diffusion

Definition:
Osmosis is the movement of water
molecules from a region of higher water
concentration to a region of lower water
concentration down a partially
permeable membrane.

THE GOAL OF PASSIVE

TRANSPORT
To reach equilibrium
Equilibrium is when there is the same
(equal) concentration all around
there is no concentration gradient

- DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS ARE

FORMS OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT
- THEY DO NOT NEED ENERGY TO
OCCUR

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The movement of ions in or out of a cell
membrane from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher
concentration against a concentration
gradient, using energy.

 The energy comes from cellular respiration

(ATP) from the mitochondria
Active transport can only happen in living
cells. Why? : they need energy and a
membrane

WHY IS ENERGY REQUIRED IN

ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

If the molecules
were to move up
the slope, energy is
needed.
This is what
happens in active
transport.

Active transport

WHY IS ENERGY REQUIRED IN

ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

In diffusion, molecules can roll down

the slope without using much
energy.

Diffusion

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
A difference in concentration on either
side of a membrane

difference
parameter

presence of
membrane

energy input

substances
transported

Diffusion

Osmosis

Active Transport

With a membrane

With Membrane

With or without a
membrane

No energy is required No energy is required

Energy is required

Nutrients, Nitrate
Any molecules

Water Molecules
ions, Mineral Salts

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES INTO OR OUT

OF CELLS
Processes

Diffusion
Movement of molecules
or ions down a
concentration gradient.

Refers to any substance,

gaseous or liquid
Membrane is not required

Osmosis
Movement of water molecules across a
partially permeable membrane, from a
solution of higher water potential to a
solution of lower water potential.

Active Transport
Movement of
substances (solutes or
ions) against a
concentration gradient.
Respiratory energy is
required.

Refers only to water (solvent

molecules)
Takes places across a partially
permeable membrane

Copyright 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

10/28/16

36

WHAT IS TRANSPORT IN TERMS

OF BIOLOGY?

WHAT IS TRANSPORT IN TERMS

OF BIOLOGY

The movement of
substances from one place
to another in a living
system

WHAT TWO TYPES OF LIVING

ORGANISMS ARE THERE?

WHAT TWO TYPES OF LIVING

ORGANISMS ARE THERE?

Plants
Animals

WHY DO LIVING ORGANISMS

NEED A TRANSPORT SYSTEM?

WHY DO LIVING ORGANISMS

NEED A TRANSPORT SYSTEM?
Energy
Growth
Basic survival

WHAT NEEDS TO BE
TRANSPORTED IN ANIMALS

WHAT NEEDS TO BE
TRANSPORTED IN ANIMALS

Nutrients (glucose, amino acids,

fats)
Oxygen
Water
Where do they come from?
How do they travel?

The heart, Veins, arteries, blood: the

circulatory system
Oxygen goes in through the
respiratory system lungs
Digestive system : taking in
nutrients

WHAT NEEDS TO BE
TRANSPORTED IN PLANTS?

WHAT NEEDS TO BE
TRANSPORTED IN PLANTS?

Water, mineral salts

Food sucrose made from
photosynthesis
Where do they come from?
How do they travel?

Water in from the roots, up

to the leafs through the
xylem
Food made in the leaves
and go around the rest if the
plant through the phloem

 hypertonic: a solution which contains more

solute than solvent (example: a lot of
salt(solute) dissolved in water(solvent))
hypotonic: a solution which contains more
solvent than solute (example: purified
water--there's almost no solute dissolved in
the solvent(water))
isotonic: a solution in which the solute and
solvent are equally distributed