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Basic Electron Microscopy

ArthurRowe
TheKnowledgeBaseataSimpleLevel

Introduction
These3presentationscoverthe

fundamentaltheoryofelectronmicroscopy
Inpresentation#1wecover:

thebitsofopticsweneedtoknow
productionofanelectronbeam
whyweneedvacuum&howwegetit
thefoundationsofelectronoptics

Sites for Electron Microscopy


Thesesitescontainusefulinformationconcerningmostoftherangeoftechniques
available
***************************************************************
Microscopy&Imaging:ResourcesontheWWW(UniversityofArizona)
http://www.pharm.Arizona.edu/centers/tox_center/swehsc/exp_path/m
i_onw3.html
Everythinginsight(site?),includingtheElectronMicroscopyYellowPages!
**************************************************************

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GinaSosinskysEMOutreachprogram:
http://emoutreach.sdsc.edu/
BasedattheSupercomputingCenteratSanDiego,thissite
includesaveryfullsetofWebbasedlecturenotes.Goodtext,but
sadly,Ginahashadproblemsgettingmanymicroscopiststoagree
tocopyrightreleasefortheirwork,soforthemomentthe
illustrationsareratherminimal.Oneslightmisstatement,itissaid
thatshadowingusuallygivesmuchworseresolutionthannegative
staining.Nottrue.
*****************************************************

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AnalyticalImagingFacilityatAlbertEinsteinCollegeof
Medicine:
http://www.aecom.yu.edu/aif/welcome.htm
Concentratesheavilyasyouwouldexpectontheanalytical
sideofmicroscopy.Alltypesareconsidered,lightandelectron
microscopybeingintegratedtogether.Asyoumightexpectfrom
theAlbertEinstein,thissiteisafantasticresource
*****************************************************

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HelenSaibilshomepage:
http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/~ubcg16z/saibil.htm
Lovelyimagesandsomemoviesofselectedproteinbased
systems,includingchaperonin(GroELGroES)andporeforming
toxin(pneumolysin)
*****************************************************

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UNSWsImageGallery:
http://srv.emunit.unsw.edu.au/html/gallery/gallery.htm
Slantedtowardshistologyinthebiologysection,butgoodimages
*****************************************************

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UniversityofSussexEMsite
http://www.biols.susx.ac.uk/Home/Julian_Thorpe/cover.htm
somegoodteachingmaterialatasimplelevel,aswellassome
prettyimages.
****************************************************

andyoucanofcoursegoon
almostforever,ifyouenter
electronmicroscopyintoa
searchengine(SCIRUSis
goodforscience)
sonow,ontothebasics......

imaging with a simple lens

axis of lens

the meaning of focal length

back focal plane of lens >>>

when we image a simple point

definition of resolution

the electron gun

stream of electrons originating


from outer shell of filament atoms

wavelength & voltage

why high vacuum ?


mean free path of electrons v short in air
- at least 10

-5 mbar

usually aimed for

also
- tungsten filaments burn out in air
- columns must be kept dust free
achieved by 2-fold pumping:
rotary (mechanical) pump + diffusion pump
or + turbo pump

how does a diffusion pump work?

cooling coils

the electromagnetic lens


e-

windings

windings

soft iron
pole piece
electrons are charged, and are therefore
deflected when they cross a magnetic field

the electromagnetic lens


works at
fixed focal distance &
variable focal length
- like the human eye lens, but
unlike
light optics
simple rheostat can vary
power of lens (varies current)
electrons also
spiral
(effect easily observed)

thro lens

the transmission electron


microscope
uses a stack of lenses:
- CONDENSER lenses (usually 2) to

focus

spot onto specimen (2+ m diameter)


- short focal length (c. 2 mm) high powered
OBJECTIVE lens to

image

- longer focal length INTERMEDIATE lenses


to

enlarge

- projected

the final image, which is


onto a fluorescent screen

the object

The TEM Column


_
_
_
_
_

Gunemitselectrons
Electricfieldaccelerates
Magnetic(andelectric)fieldcontrol
pathofelectrons
Electronwavelength@200KeV
2x1012m
Resolutionnormallyachievable@
200KeV2x1010m2

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