BURNS

Assistent professor Kenan

Karavdi

Frostbite

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

CHILBLAIN

Prolonged exposure of bare skin

60F to 32F, or 20F (acclimated,
dry skin).
Swollen, red, tender, and hot with
itchy skin.
May lead to infected, ulcerated,
or bleeding lesions.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

FROSTBITE

*
*

Exposure to cold 32F or below.

Loss of sensation or numb feeling.
Whitening of skin; momentary tinglin
Red or gray color.
Blisters.
Swelling or tender areas.
Loss of pain in affected area.
Pale, yellowish, waxy-looking skin.
Frozen tissue feels solid or wooden.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

IMMERSION /TRENCH FOOT
Fairly long exposure to cold 50F to 32F.
First Stage
Affected area feels cold & painless.
Pulse is weak.
Numbness.
Second Stage
Limbs feel hot & burning.
Shooting pains.
Later Stage
Area pale with bluish cast.
Pulse decreased.
Other from blisters, swelling to gangrene.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

SNOW BLINDNESS

Sensation of grit in the eyes.

Watery eyes.
Redness (eyes).
Headache.
Increased pain with exposure to light

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

EARLY HYPOTHERMIA

Shivering.
Faint pulse.
Drowsiness & mental
slowness
Stiffness and lack of
coordination.
Slurred speech.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

MODERATE HYPOTHERMIA
Glassy eyes.
Slow and shallow breathing.
Very weak, or absent, pulse.
Increasing stiffness and lack of
coordination.
Unconsciousness.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA

Frozen extremities.
Irregular heart action.
Sudden death.

Hypothermia- Is a medical emergency.

Evacuate to medical treatment
immediately.

FIRST AID TREATMENT

FROSTBITE

WARNING: Do not attempt to thaw the

casualtys feet or other seriously frozen
areas if the casualty will need to travel for
medical treatment and there is a chance
of the injury refreezing.

Basic First Aid For Frostbite

Affected part
face
First aid
A. Cover casualtys affected area with his
bare
hands until sensation, and color
returns.
B. Keep the casualty warm; cover him to
avoid further injury.
Viewgraph 32

FIRST AID TREATMENT

FROSTBITE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Warm the affected area.

Keep the casualty warm.
Seek medical aid as soon as possible.
Cover injury with a blanket.
Loosen or remove tight clothing.
Exercise, avoid trauma, thawing pain.
Protect from additional injury.

Basic First Aid For Frostbite

(Cont)
Affected part
first aid
Hands
a. Open the casualtys field
jacket and shirt.
B. Place the affected hand(s)
Under the casualtys armpit(s).
C. Close the field jacket to prevent
additional exposure.
D. Keep casualty warm; cover him to
avoid further injury.

Viewgraph 34

Basic First Aid For Frostbite

(Cont)
Affected part
Feet

First aid
A. Remove the casualtys
Boots and socks.
B. Place the affected foot
under the clothing and
against the body of another
soldier.
C. Keep casualty warm;
cover him to avoid
Further injury.
Viewgraph 35

Viewgraph 36

Viewgraph 37

Change your socks.

Viewgraph 38

Accidental condition

Foreign bodies in the

airways

Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

A choking persons airway may be
completely or partially blocked. A
complete blockage is an urgent
medical
emergency.
A
partial
obstruction can quickly become life
threatening if the person looses the
ability to breath in and out
sufficiently.
Without
oxygen,
permanent brain damage can occur
in as little as 4 minutes.

 Do not perform first aid if the person

is coughing forcefully and able to
speak. A strong cough can dislodge
the object on its own.

 The universal sign for someone

choking is the hand at the throat.
Unable to speak, breath, or cough.

Stand behind the person.

Wrap your arms around the person.
Make a fist.
Put thumb side of fist just above the
belly button and below the
breastbone.

 Grasp fist with other hand.

Make quick, upward and inward
thrust with your fist.

 Continue thrust until the object is

dislodge or the person looses
consciousness.
If the person becomes unconscious,
lower person to the floor, call 911,
and begin CPR.
If you see the object blocking the
airway try to remove it.

Drowning

Vocabulary

Near-drowning- Survival, at least temporarily, of near

suffocation due to submersion
Drowning- Death from suffocation due to submersion
Wet drowning- Drowning in which water enters the lungs
Dry drowning- Drowning in which little or no water enters
the lungs
Secondary drowning- Death from aspiration pneumonia
following resuscitation after a water accident
Active drowning- Drowning in which the victim is struggling
in the water and is still breathing
Passive drowning- Drowning in which the victim is not
breathing and is face-down in the water
Mammalian diving reflex- A reflex that prevents death after
submersion in cold water
48

49

sunstroke

Heatstroke
Sun Stroke

Caused by overexposure to sun and extremely

high temperatures
occurs when the brain fails to control its own
"thermostat".
Its a life-threatening condition which can cause a
casualty to become unconscious within minutes.
As well as an unusually high temperature, a
casualty may show signs of restlessness,
headaches and hot, flushed skin.
52

Heatstroke
Sun Stroke

The underlying cause of heat

stroke is connected to the
sometimes sudden inability to
dissipate (To drive away) body
heat through perspiration,
especially after strenuous
physical activity
53

Heatstroke
Sun Stroke

This accounts for the excessive rise in body

temperature.
It is the high fever which can cause permanent damage
to internal organs, and can result in death if not treated
immediately.

Recovery depends on heat duration and intensity.

The goal of emergency treatment is to maintain

circulation and lower body temperature as quickly as54

Definition
core temperature > 41 C OR
- core temp > 40.5 C with
anhidrosis (absence or severe
deficiency of sweating), altered
mental status or both

55

Classification
exertional: typically seen in healthy young adults
who overexert themselves in high ambient
(Surrounding) temperatures or in a hot environment
to which they are not acclimatized (To adapt).
Patients sweat normally.
- non-exertional (classic): usually affects elderly and
debilitated patients with chronic underlying
disease. Result of impaired thermoregulation
combined with high ambient temperatures. Often
due to impaired sweating
56

Symptoms of Heatstroke or Sunstroke

Headache, nausea, dizziness

Red, dry, very hot skin (sweating has ceased)
Pulse-strong & rapid
Small pupils
Very high fever
May become extremely disoriented
Unconsciousness and possible convulsions

57

If exposure to heat continues, the body temperature

rises and heatstroke may develop, causing symptoms
such as:

1.Cessation of sweating
2. Body temperature of 105 degree Fahrenheit
or higher
3. Rapid and shallow breathing
4. Rapid heartbeat
5. Elevated or lowered blood pressure
6. Confusion and disorientation
7. Seizure
8. Fainting, which may be the first sign in
older adults
58

First Aid for Heatstroke

or Sunstroke

HEATSROKE IS LIFE THREATENING!

Remove victim to cooler location, out of the sun
Loosen or remove clothing and immerse victim in
very cool water if possible
If immersion isn't possible, cool victim with water,
or wrap in wet sheets and fan for quick evaporation
Use cold compresses-especially to the head & neck
area, also to armpits and groin
59

60

61

First Aid for Heatstroke or Sunstroke

Seek medical attention immediately--continue first aid

to lower temp. until medical help takes over
Do NOT give any medication to lower fever--it will not
be effective and may cause further harm
Do NOT use an alcohol rub
It is not advisable to give the victim anything by mouth
(even water) until the condition has been stabilized.
62

63

Preventing heat-related
illness

Dress for the heat Wear lightweight, light-coloured

clothing. Light colours will reflect away some of the
suns energy. It is also a good idea to wear hats or to
use an umbrella.
Drink water Carry water or juice with you and drink
continuously even if you do not feel thirsty. Avoid
alcohol and caffeine, which dehydrate the body.
Avoid foods that are high in protein, which increase
metabolic heat.
Stay indoors when possible.
Take regular breaks when engaged in physical activity
on warm days.
Take time out to find a cool place.
64

Electric shock
The danger from an electrical shock
depends on the
type of current,
how high the voltage is,
how the current traveled through
the body,
the person's overall health
how quickly the person is treated.

Electric shock
An electrical shock may cause burns,
may leave no visible mark on the
skin.
an electrical current passing through
the body can cause internal damage,
cardiac arrest or other injury.
even a small amount of electricity
can be fatal

Electric shock
Caution
Don't touch the injured person if he or she is still in
contact with the electrical current.
Call 911 or your local emergency number if the
source of the burn is a high-voltage wire or
lightning. Don't get near high-voltage wires until
the power is turned off. Overhead power lines
usually aren't insulated. Stay at least 6 meters
away farther if wires are jumping and sparking.
Don't move a person with an electrical injury
unless he or she is in immediate danger.

When to seek emergency care

Confusion
Difficulty breathing
Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias)
Cardiac arrest
Muscle pain and contractions
Seizures
Loss of consciousness

First aid
Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. If not,
move the source away from you and the person,
using a dry, nonconducting object made of
cardboard, plastic or wood.
Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of circulation,
such as breathing, coughing or movement.
Try to prevent the injured person from becoming
chilled.
Apply a bandage. Cover any burned areas with a
sterile gauze bandage, if available, or a clean cloth.
Don't use a blanket or towel, because loose fibers
can stick to the burns.

POISONING

Poisonin
g
Fridex

antifreezer for automobile radiators, fatal

dose is 100ml, also skin absorbtion!!

First Aid:

liquor 40% and more sensibly!!!

dialling of EMS 155

Poisonin
g
Mushrooms

bellyache,visual disturbances, salivation

First Aid:

induce vomiting (with warm salt water or

by fingers in mouth)
dialling of EMS 155 and ensure vomitus for
EMS

Poisonin
g
CO, CO2
fumes, incomplete combustion (gas flowheater, gas fire,) -> reddening,
headache, vomiting, fuzziness, convulsions
lead to unconsciousness

First Aid:

technical First Aid remove the casualty from the

scene of danger
dialling EMS 155
unconsciousness not breathing start CPR GL
2005

Poisonin
g
Drugs
First Aid:

when swallowing induce vomiting; when

the patient is unconsciouss dont induce
vomiting
dialling of EMS 155

Poisonin
g
Alcohol

especially with head injuries

coordination disturbances

First Aid:
the recovery
position
prevention of vomitus aspiration
check on vital signs

Zuchov, 2008

Snake bites, insect

stings