What is a hybrid?

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include

both a combustion engine as well as an
electric motor.

If we had better batteries, we would not

need hybrids at all.

Hybrids can be implemented in many

kinds of vehicles.

Global-Warming: Still An Issue.

Hybrids are not zero-emission vehicles.

Will cut down emissions of globalwarming pollutants by a third to a half.

Later models may cut these emissions

down by even more.

Why hybrids?

Regenerative braking actually makes city

driving more economical than on the
highway.

Fuel efficiency is greatly increased

(twice).

Emissions are greatly decreased.

Dependency on fossils fuels can be

decreased.

Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels

as well.

New materials can be implemented.

EPA at work

Federal guidelines for emissions:

Tier 1 took effect in 1997

Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004.

National LEV (NLEV): builds on the

California Emissions Standards until Tier 2
is implemented.

LEV II: California Emissions Standards.

ULEV/SULEV

Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV.

CARB: California Air Resources Board.

CO2 reductions not called for. Only HC,

CO, NOx.

Cars can be certified Low Emissions

Vehicles but at the same time have high
fuel consumption.

Reductions

Tax Incentives

The IRS has determined that purchasers

of a new Honda Insight, Honda Civic
Hybrid or Toyota Prius are eligible for a
"Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax deduction of
$2,000. The current incentive is
scheduled to phase out in 2004-06.

Some EPA facts

Every gallon of gasoline your vehicle

burns puts 20 pounds of CO2 into the
atmosphere.

A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy

equates to about 2,800 pounds of CO2 a
year.

Tons of greenhouse gas

NLEV program does not take CO2 into

account but lets see some numbers:

Honda Insight: 3.4 t/yr.

Honda Civic Hybrid: 3.9 t/yr.

Toyota Prius: 4.0t/yr.

Ford Explorer: 11.0 t/yr.

Honda Civic: 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)

Honda Insight 2003

Cost:
$19,080/$21,280
(MT/CVT)

MT: manual transmission

CVT: continuously variable

Honda Insight 2003

Horsepower

67(65)@5700 or 73(71)@5700 (with

IMA)

Emissions Rating

ULEV/SULEV

Power Output

13 hp/10 kW @ 3000 rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)

Battery

144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)

Length

155.1 inches

Curb Weight

1847/(1878) or 1967 lbs.

Mileage (City/Highway)

61/68 or 57/56 mpg

Tank Capacity

10.6 gal.

0 to 60

11.3/11.2 seconds
IMA: integrated motor assist system

Honda Civic Hybrid 2003

Cost: $19,550/$20,550 (MT/CVT)

Honda Civic Hybrid 2003

Civic DX
Auto

Horsepower

85@5700 or 93@5700 (with

IMA)

Emissions Rating

ULEV

Power Output

13.4 hp @ 4000 rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride

(Ni-MH) Battery

144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)

Length

174.8 inches

174.6 inches

Curb Weight

2661/2732 lbs.

2500 lbs.

$13,010
115@4500
ULEV

29/38 mpg

Mileage
(City/Highway)

51/46 or 48/47 mpg

13.2 gal

Tank Capacity

13.2 gal.

8.4 seconds

0 to 60

11 seconds

Toyota Prius 2003

Cost: $20,480 CVT

Toyota Prius 2003

Horsepower

70@4500 (98 HP combined)

Emissions Rating

SULEV

Power Output

44 hp/33 kW @ 1040-5600
rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)

Battery

273.6V (228 cells @ 1.2V)

Length

169.6 inches

Curb Weight

2765 lbs.

Mileage (City/Highway)

52/45 mpg

Tank Capacity

11.8 gal.

0 to 60

12.7 seconds

A note about Ford

I believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid

world.

The Hybrid Escape is due at the end of

2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared to
19/25 mpg.

The Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets

17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon tank.

Tepper Fleet Consumption

33.3 t/yr. CO2

Could be reduced to less than half if all

cars were hybrids.

www.fueleconomy.gov

Cars to come

GM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy Suburban

2004.

Daimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram Pickup

2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006.