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PART I: OVERVIEW OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Facts About the CIIT MPM Programme


First of its Kind in Pakistan and at least 50
Years Overdue!
2 Semesters / 11 Course Modules / 33 Credit
Hours
Detailed Review of Specialized Project
Management Subject Areas
Comparable in Standard to MPM Programmes
Offered at Universities in Developed Countries
Designed at CIIT and Sets a Benchmark in
Project Management Education in Pakistan
Intended for Professionals Genuinely
Interested in Project Management for their
Career Development
First Step on the Road to a Project
Management Center of Excellence at CIIT
Islamabad
Helps Meet Pakistans Growing Need for
Highly-Qualified Project Management
Professionals

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Outline of Presentation Part I


Your Course Instructor

Project Management Training CDs/DVDs

How this Course will be Conducted

Project Management Training (On-Line)

Self-Introduction by Course Participants

Project Management Graduate Degree


Programmes (On-Campus)

Rules for MPM Participants: The Dos


and The Donts
Course Objectives

Project Management Resources on the


World Wide Web

Course Text Books

Projects in History

Assessment of Course Participants

Projects in the Contemporary Age

Who Should Study Project Management?

Projects in Pakistan (Examples)

Basic Terminology (The five Ps)

Project Typology

The Parameters of a Project

The Project Life-Cycle Model

Simple and Complex Projects

The Holistic Model of Projects

Projects as Instruments of Change


Project Management Literature

The Universal Popularity of Project


Management: A Macro- and Microperspective

Project Documentaries on TV

Project Management Softwares

Project Employment Opportunities

Project Management Associations

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Your Course Instructor

My Professional Work Experience

1992:
1993-96:
1997-98:
Since 2005:

Executive Assistant at Hilal Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Islamabad


Programme Coordinator at the Hanns-Seidel Foundation, Islamabad
Research Fellow at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad
Assistant Professor in the Department of Management Sciences at the
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Subjects I Taught at CIIT Islamabad

Project Management (MBA, MS)


Operations Management (MBA, MS)
Total Quality Management (MS)
Business Research Methods (MBA)
International Human Resource Management (MBA)
Seminar in Human Resource Management (MBO)

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Presentation of the
Best Teacher 2007 Award

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

How This Course Will Be Conducted


15 Classes @ 3 Hours = 45 Hours
Holistic Subject Perspective

Course Material Available at


www.azkhan.de

Detailed Exposure to all PM


Subject Areas & Methodology

Review of Case Studies

Completion of Course Outline

Weekly Assignments / Midterm &


Final Examination

Excellent Course Text Books


Supplemented by Handouts

Extensive Class Interaction

Theme-Oriented MS PowerPoint
Presentations

All Lectures and Communications Exclusively in English

Encourage Creative Thinking


Severely Penalize Cramming

Guest Speaker and (Possible)


Visit to a Project Site

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Self-Introduction by MPM Participants


All MPM participants are requested to introduce
themselves, individually and briefly, stating their:
Full Name
Higher Education Background
Designation and Name of Employing Organization
Project Management Courses Previously Attended
Experience with Managing or Working on Projects
Reasons for Interest in the MPM Programme
Expectations from the MPM Programme
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Rules for MPM


Programme Participants

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

10

Rules for MPM Course Participants: The DOs


Do listen to my lectures very attentively and
carefully. Listening is the basis for comprehension which
is the prerequisite for performing well in this course. If
you are having comprehension problems, inform me
immediately. Do not hesitate otherwise it may be too late
for me to help you.

Do ask questions or bring up relevant points for discussion in the classroom. You will not be punished
for this! There is no such thing as a stupid question
or discussion and I am very patient with students.
Be inquisitive, analytical, critical and creative
in your approach to learning project management!
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

11

Rules for MPM Course Participants: The DOs


Do read the prescribed course literature. It is the
basic requirement for comprehending project
management and for you to perform well in this
demanding course!
Please note that using only my PowerPoint slides
for your exam preparation is NOT sufficient!
YOU MAY FAIL IF YOU DO SO! The questions in
your midterm and final examinations may relate to
material contained in the recommended course text books and handouts which may not have been discussed in detail, or at all, in class!
Some good advice for you: Read from the beginning of the course and
NOT towards the end! You wont regret it.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

12

Rules for MPM Course Participants: The DOs


Do visit me at my office on the second floor of the CIIT building,
individually or as a group, if you have a course-related problem or
problems and seek counseling. Im usually in my office from
Mondays to Fridays (9.30 AM onwards) . You can also contact me at
my tel. extension 269 or by eMail at
aurangzeb_khan@comsats.edu.pk.
Do fill out the anonymous course evaluation form which will be
distributed to all MPM participants at the end of the semester. Our
department is striving hard to continuously and significantly improve
the quality of all its undergraduate and graduate level courses and
your critical feedback and constructive criticism in this connection is
always welcome and very valuable to us.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

13

Rules for MPM Course Participants: The DONTs


Dont be late to class. 6.30 PM means 6.30 PM sharp
and not a second later! Two roll calls will be taken (at the
beginning of class and after the break). Course participants
who are late will be marked absent!
Dont ask me to mark you present if you are going to
be absent in that class. I dont care what events in your
personal or professional lives prevent you from coming to
my class. Visiting family and friends, engagements,
weddings, hospitalizations, funerals, official committments
etc. are your issues, not mine. If you are absent in my
class, youll simply be marked absent. Period!
Dont come to class just to get marked present and then
wander of to the canteen for gossip, meals or
refreshments, or leave the campus, outside the 15-minute
customary pause. Anyone doing this will have their
attendance revoked.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

14

Rules for MPM Course Participants: The DONTs


Dont use cell phones in my class. They must be
switched OFF prior to entering the classroom and no
SMS messages may be sent while the class is in
progress! Do not run in and out for making or answering
calls. Such behaviour distracts the class and disrupts my
presentation. If making or answering calls is so important
to you, stay at your home or office and do them there, but
do not come to my class!

Dont chit-chat among yourselves, distract the


attention of other MPM participants or behave
immaturely in the class. You are only hurting yourself
and your colleagues, not me. As educated adults, I
expect you all without exception to behave as such from
the minute you enter my class to the minute you leave it!
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

15

Rules for MPM Course Participants: The DONTs


Dont procrastinate on your weekly class assignments. Start work immediately
after receiving your topics. Many students do nothing until the last day before the
submission deadline and then run frantically to me at the eleventh hour complaining
about the problems they are having in getting the required information. My usual
response: Tough, Dear, Tough! You should have started work promptly and then you
wouldnt need to stress yourself out.

Dont pester me for more marks. I evaluate my students


objectively and actually devote considerable time to read line
by line through each examination paper and class assignment.
From nothing comes nothing if your work is crap, be
prepared to get a crappy evaluation from me! And dont whine
about it.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

16

Rules for Course Participants: The DONTs


Dont miss out on your weekly assignments and
examinations. Setting repeat examinations is a big
nuisance for me and some marks are normally
deducted by our department as a disincentive for being
absent! In the event that MPM participants have missed
out on their examinations due to compelling
circumstances, I will schedule a single repeat
examination, but NO second or third repeats. If the
student also misses the repeat examination, he or she
will be considered as having scored zero marks which
will be final.

It is the responsibility of the MPM participants concerned to immediately


contact me if they have missed out on a weekly assignment or examination! Do so as soon as possible.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

17

Rules for MPM Course Participants: The DONTs


Dont cheat in the sessional, midterm
or final examinations. If caught, you
may have your paper cancelled by the
department or, at the very least, you may
lose a percentage of your marks.

NO CHEATING & PLAGIARISM!

If I find that your class assignments have,


in full or in part, been plagiarized or copypasted from the World Wide Web without
referencing, I will give you zero marks
and reassign you another topic.
I routinely check to ensure that written
material submitted to me for evaluation is
not plagiarized. We at CIIT have the
technical means for ensuring this and we
dont hesitate to use it.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

18

Rules for MPM Course Participants: The DONTs


Dont follow the rote (Learning by
Memorization) approach which you
may have grown accustomed to since
your schooldays. It is the WORST thing
you can do in my class apart from
outright misbehaviour and cheating /
plagiarism.
My PowerPoint slides are meant to
serve as a subject guideline only and
are NOT meant to be memorized. DO
NOT reproduce the contents of the
slides in any of your weekly assignments or in any examination.
In case of reproduction, marks will be heavily deducted and your
precious GPA will drop like a stone from the sky.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

19

Objectives of This Course Module


To acquaint the course participants comprehensively and at
considerable depth with project management by using upto-date literature and research on this highly interesting,
challenging, and increasingly important field of management science.
To motivate the MPM participants to apply their acquired
knowledge to projects which they will be directly or
indirectly involved in professionally and to help them
undertake their projects systematically and more effectively
and efficiently.
To demonstrate the ubiquitousness of projects, which are a
cornerstone of human civilization, and to convey an appreciation that the development of a countrys economy and
society is dependent in part on them.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

20

Objectives of This Course Module


To show that project management has, over the past five
decades, evolved into a very substantive body of knowledge
and that a good understanding of the subject is crucial for
managing a modern organization sucessfully.
To stimulate interest among the MPM participants in project
management as a full-time career option after graduation.
To promote networking between the MPM participants and
to encourage them to share in and outside class their
personal experiences working on projects.
To set a benchmark in project management education being
taught at the introductory level at universities across Pakistan and to motivate teachers of this subject to continuously
raise their standards of instruction.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

21

Objectives of This Course Module


To provide the course participants with the basic knowledge
they would require for successfully qualifying certification
examinations in project management being offered by the
PMI and other professional associations.
Students should please note, however, that this introductory
course in project management is NOT intended to be a
substitute for these certification examinations but merely as
an aid which can help them acquire foundation knowledge
which is required for attempting these certification
examina-tions subsequently.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

22

Look at Projects in Their Broader Context!

Mittelalterlicher Stadt am Fluss Karl Friedrich Schinkel, 1815


Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

23

(Chinese Philiosopher Confucious)


551 B.C 479 B.C
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

24

Recommended Course Text Books


Project Management: Strategic Design and implementation
David I. Cleland & Lewis R. Ireland
McGraw Hill, 4th edition, 2002
ISBN: 0-07-139310-2
Project Management: The Managerial Process
Clifford F. Gray & Erik W. Larson
MGraw Hill, 3rd edition, 2006
ISBN: 0-07-060093-7
Project Management: A Managerial Approach
Jack R. Meredith & Samuel J. Mantel, Jr.
John Wiley & Sons, 6th edition, 2006
ISBN: 0-471-74277-5
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

25

Assessment of the MPM


Programme Participants
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

26

Assessment of MPM Participants


(The A-Student)
The A-Student demonstrates a very high level of
motivation to learn project management. Punctual and
attentive, bright, ambitious and hardworking, he or she
is an avid reader and grasps the subject matter easily.
The A-Student is also inquisitive and often likes to
discuss in detail issues raised by the teacher who finds
it a pleasure and an inspiration to work with such
students.
The A-Students confidently acquire a holistic
perspective and in-depth knowledge of project
management concepts, display excellent analytical and
critical thinking skills, are creative, and have the ability
to easily apply the theoretical knowledge they acquired
from their teacher to real-life case situations which are
presented to them in class or which they encounter at
their workplaces.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

27

Assessment of MPM Participants


(The Average Student)
The averagestudent is generally a
good student whose work , though,
does exhibit some noticeable qualitative
deficiencies.
Shortcomings may arise in different
ways. For example, average students
may understand the underlying concepts
of project management and they may
have familiarized themselves with most
or all important aspects of the subject,
but they encounter difficulty in applying
their knowledge to real-life situations.
They may also not properly comprehend
the holistic perspective of project management on which this course is based.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

28

Assessment of MPM Participants


(The Horror Student)
These students are a BIG PAIN in my A**!
Typical qualities of a horror student are, among other
irritants, disinterest in attending class and listening to
the lectures, constant fidgeting, chatting and eagerness
to run outside the lecture hall, poor command over the
English language, unwillingness to read the
recommended project management course literature
and do his or her assignments, and a tendency to rote
learn. Not surprisingly, these students have great
difficulty grasping the subject course material or may

have understood virtually nothing of it at all by the end of semester.


They usually find it highly challenging to apply the concepts and material
they were exposed to in this course, both in class examinations and at
their workplaces. I try to avoid this type of student like the plague!
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

29

Assessment of MPM Participants


(Distribution of Course Marks)
Weekly Assignments (25 Marks)
MPM participants are expected to show that they can convincingly
relate concepts discussed in class with their project-related
professional work. Assgnments can be written in typed form or
By hand and must be submitted in the next class. There is no
limit on the length of pages to be submitted. Teamwork is strongly
encouraged.
Midterm Examination (25 Marks)
MPM participants are expected to demonstrate a basic understanding of project management and all subject material covered in
class until the time of the examination, which is of 2 hours
duration. Three questions will be asked, all of which are mandatory
and carry equal marks.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

30

Assessment of MPM Participants


(Distribution of Course Marks)
Final Examination (50 Marks)
MPM participants will be required to creatively apply their project
management knowledge to a real or fictitious case situation which is
followed by five mandatory questions, each carrying equal marks.
In preparing for this three-hour long examination, note that the
entire course material is relevant and that the questions asked may
relate to any part of it.
MPM participants who demonstrate excellent command over all
subject areas of project management and who can present
innovative ideas and approaches to problem situations can expect
to perform very well in this examination which, given its weightage,
will primarily determine the MPM participants overall GPA. Do not
underestimate the difficulty level of this examination!

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

31

The Project Report

20 - 25 PAGES MAXIMUM
(excluding Annex and Bibliography)

Title
TitlePage
Page
Table
Tableof
ofContents
Contents
List
Listof
ofTables,
Tables,Graphs,
Graphs,
Charts
and
Charts and
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
Introduction
Introduction
Research
ResearchObjectives,
Objectives,
Hypotheses
Hypothesesand
and
Methodology
Methodology
Analysis
Analysis
Conclusion
Conclusionand
and
Recommendations
Recommendations
Appendix
Appendix
Bibliography
Bibliography

A good project report must be based on a sound concept and well


researched using the best possible available pool of primary and/or
secondary data and information
The introduction should be brief (max. 3 pages). The research
objective(s), hypotheses and methodology must be clear, concise,
relevant and logical (max. 4 pages)
The analysis qualitative and/or quantitative must
constitute the bulk of the research report and relate directly to
the theory of project management. Footnotes can be included. A
critical and holistic perspective is essential when undertaking the
analysis, which must not be a mere reproduction of descriptive
details! Such details may be included if they are relevant as a basis
of reference for the analysis
The conclusions and recommendations (max. 3 pages) should
sum up the reports essential findings and give recommendations
for correcting major practical shortcomings which may have been
identified and examined in the course of the study
The appendix contains any important support documents not
included in the main text body; the bibliography section must
include all documented reference sources (source title, author, date
and place of publication, publisher and page number) along with
relevant details relating to interviews held etc.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

32

Samples of Examination Papers


(MBA& MS Classes)
MBA
MBAFirst
First Sessional
Sessional Examination
Examination Sample
Sample 11
MBA
MBAFirst
First Sessional
Sessional Examination
Examination Sample
Sample 22
MBA
MBAFirst
First Sessional
Sessional Examination
Examination Sample
Sample 33

MBA Second Sessional Examination Sample 1


MBA Second Sessional Examination Sample 2
MBA Second Sessional Examination Sample 3

MS
MS Midterm
Midterm Examination
Examination

MS
MS Final
Final Examination
Examination

Project
Management
is also
about using
plain
common
Sense!

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

33

Who Should Study Project Management?


Anyone who is directly or indirectly involved in initiating,
planning, implementing, monitoring, evaluating and/or
controlling a project in a position which involves a substantive
level of decision-making, responsibility, communication and
coordination, should be thoroughly familiar with all the subject
areas and methodology, processes and tools and techniques of
project management.
A good and common project management knowledge platform
will increase the likelihood of the project attaining its goal
within time and budget.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

34

Who Should Study Project Management?

At the very least a projects key stakeholders


i.e., its sponsor, manager, team members,
consultants, external suppliers and contractors, the senior and resource managers of
the organization(s) which are implementing
the project and the project customers / users
- should all understand the methodology
being used to undertake the project.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

35

Professionals Who Should Be Thoroughly


Familiar With Project Management (Examples)
Managers
Architects
Consultants
Economists
Development Officials
Engineers
Government Officials
IT Professionals
Natural & Social Scientists
Public Administrators
Policy Makers
Researchers

In the course
of their
professional
lives, these
persons would
normally be
directly
involved in a
large number
of projects

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

36

Terminology

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

37

Basic Terminology
Projects
Subprojects

Many definitions for


these words have been
proposed.

Programmes
Portfolios
Processes
Project Management

Sample definitions along


with practical examples
are contained in the
following slides.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

38

What is a Project? (Definition #1)

(Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge,


the Project Management Institute, 3rd. Ed., 2004, p. 5)

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

39

What is a Project? (Definition #2)

(Robert Wysocki / Robert Beck Jr. / Daniel B. Crane: Effective


Project Management, John Wiley & Sons, 2002, p.65)
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

40

What is a Project? (Definition #3)

(Clifford F. Gray / Erik W. Larson, Project Management:


The Managerial Process, 2. ed., p. 15)
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

41

What is a Project? (Definition #4)

(J.R. Turner, The Handbook of Project-Based Management:


Improving Processes for Achieving Your Strategic Objectives,
Mcgraw Hill: New York, 1992)
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

42

What is a Project? (Definition #5)

(David I. Cleland / Lewis R. Ireland, Project Management:


Design and Strategic Implementation, 4th ed., p. 10)
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

43

What are Subprojects?


Subprojects are smaller, more
manageable components of larger, more
complex projects
Subprojects have their own goals and
outputs or deliverables which together
constitute the final deliverable.
Subprojects have, analogous to the
main project in which they are
integrated, their own scope, schedules,
costs, human resources, risks etc.
Subprojects are comprised of project team members and are headed by
subproject managers who, similar to the project manager, must have
excellent decision-making, communication and other requisite skills, and
be in a position to manage the implementation of the subproject work
effectively and efficiently.
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

44

Subprojects
Example: The Sydney Olympic Games 2000
Events

Human Resources
and Volunteers

Test Games and


Trial Events

Venues, Facilities
Accommodation

Cultural Olympiad

Sponsorship
Management

Transport

Pre-Games Training

Media Facilities
and Coordination

IT-Projects

Telecommunications

Opening and Closing


Ceremonies

Security
Arrangements

Public Relations

Medical Care

Financing

The Sydney Olympic


Games 2000 was a highly
complex project which
comprised several
distinct work areas, each
of which could be considered as subprojects,
in their own right, and
which all had to be integrated and coordinated
within the framework of
the overall olympic
project.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

45

What is a Programme?
Afforestation
Primary Education Promotion
Electrification
Immunization
Poverty Alleviation
Privatization
Project A
Project B

Project D
Programme
X

Project E

Space Exploration
Urban Regeneration

EXAMPLES OF PROGRAMMES

A programme is basically a group


of related projects managed in
a coordinated way to obtain
benefits and control not
available from managing them
individually

Water Resource Development


Project C

Project F

Weaponization

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

46

Example of a Programme
Project
Projectfor
forUpgrading
UpgradingEquipment
Equipment
A
A CAPITAL
CAPITAL
INVESTMENT
INVESTMENT
PROGRAMME
PROGRAMME

may
comprise
following
projects

Project
Projectfor
forTraining
TrainingPersonnel
Personnel

Project
Projectfor
forExpanding
Expanding
Production
ProductionLines
Lines

Project
Projectfor
forAcquiring
AcquiringLarge-Scale
Large-Scale
Funding
Funding
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

47

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

48

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

49

Programmes & Projects: Similarities


Programmes and projects have goals and objectives which define
their purpose of existence
Programmes and projects have life-spans defining a starting and
ending point in time
Programmes and projects consume resources and necessarily incur
a cost
Programmes and projects require application of a methodo-logy and
must be managed properly to bolster their chances of success
Programmes and projects aim at helping organizations achieve their
mission and adding value to them.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

50

Programmes & Projects: Differences


X Programmes may have multiple overarching goals whereas
projects have one prime goal
X A programme has a comparatively longer life-span, and
obviously costs more than the combination of all the projects
which constitute it
X A programme is inherently more complex than a constituting
project it has a broader scope and may require extensive
coordination between its various constituting projects
X Whereas a project results in the creation of an output and is
then ended, a programme must integrate and maintain the
operationality of that output for a specified period of time

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

51

The Project Portfolio


The project portfolio is the set of
projects which an organization is
undertaking. Projects usually differ in
their type, complexity, cost, time
requirement, risk level, priority, etc.

Some portfolios may be quite large,


comprising dozens or hundreds of single
projects,and consume a large chunk of
an organizations resources

The projects comprising the portfolio


may be in various stages of initiation,
planning, and implementation

Portfolios are dynamic. Their


composition will change over time as
some projects end or are prematurely
terminated and new projects are added

A major challenge for organizations is to


devise a system for identifying,
selecting and monitoring projects which
are aligned with its mission, goals and
objectives and add value to them

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

52

What is a Process?

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

53

What is a Process?

According to the Project


Management Institute, a process
can be defined as:

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

54

Project Management Process Illustration


PROCESS INPUTS
(Typical)

Process Maturity, Methodology,


Benchmarking and Optimization,
Constraints, Templates, Infrastructure, Policy and Cultural Framework

Project Business Case

Information

PROCESS STEPS

Technology

Opt. Project Portfolio Mix

Qualitative & Quantitative


Tools
Outputs of Other
Processes

Material Inputs

Stakeholder Interaction

Requests, Instructions

Quality of Process Inputs,


Knowledge, Competence,
Experience, Insight, Ability,
Communication,
Cooperation, Coordination

PROCESS OUTPUTS
(Selected Examples)

Project Feasibility Report

Transformation of Inputs to Outputs

TIME &
COST
Process
Process Effectiveness
Effectiveness and
and Efficiency
Efficiency

Given that the output of one project management


process normally becomes input to another,
deficiencies in one or more processes will
consequently reverberate across the entire process
chain

Project Master Plan


(or Subsidiary Plans)
Customer Change
Request
Revised Cost and
Schedule Baseline

Project Status Report

Project management uses


processes extensively to
produce deliverables (see
small sample above). Some
processes are quite complex
and have a high risk of error.

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

55

Project Management Process Diagramme


(Screening A Project)
Project Proposal Idea

Data Collection and


Back-Up

Need / Strategic Fit/


ROI / Payback Risk

Self-Evaluation of
Project Criteria

Periodic assessment
of Priorities

Reject

Priority Team
Evaluates Proposal
and Reviews
Portfolio for Risk
Balance

Return for More


Information

Hold for
Resources

Assign Priority,
resources, Project
Manager & Evaluate
Progress

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

56

Focus on Processes Systematically

All project management processes


should be identified and described,
with each process task carefully
analyzed in terms of its input(s) and
output(s) plus its estimated cost,
duration and risk factors,
graphically illustrated and
subsequently documented for
reference by project stakeholders in
a project process directory.
This directory should be periodically
revised and the processes therein

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

57

What is Project Management?

(Robert K. Wysocki / Robert Beck Jr. / David B. Crane, Effective Project


Management, 2. ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2002, p. 79).
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

58

What is Project Management?

[ISO 9001:2000]
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

59

What is Project Management?

(Harold Kerzner, Project Management: A Systems Approach to


Planing, Scheduling and Controlling, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York et. al., 7. ed, 2001, p. 4)
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

60

Essential Functions of Project Management

Project Management helps


organizations
tackle the pressure of change in
environments

global, economic,

market, social, political, regulatory,


technological and others which are
characterized by a high and
increasing degree of complexity,
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

61

Essential Functions of Project Management

Project Management offers a focused,


systematic, integrated and processdriven framework of application of an
organizations resources for effective
and efficient realization of its
projects, and therewith its goals,
objectives and mission. It is, hence,
an important strategic tool
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

indispensible for an organizations

62

Essential Functions of Project Management

Project Management is primarily


about leadership, integrating work
occurring in all project areas, steering the project in the right direction
and effectively managing
stakeholders and complexity.
Specialized technical tasks and the
tools used in project management often the prime focus of interest by

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

63

Essential Functions of Project Management

Project Management teaches best


practices based on years of
experience with projects in diverse
fields across the globe. It should be
kept in mind, though, that what works
well in one project situation may not at
all work well in another.
Use good judgement and always be
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

cognizant of the context-sensitivity of

64

Essential Functions of Project Management

Using Project Management is no


guarantee that the project will be
sucessful i.e. that it achieves its
goal within time and allocated
budget to the satisfaction of all
stakeholders concerned. What
Project Management essentially
does, though, is offer a systematic
but flexible framework which can
increase the chances of the project

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

65

Essential Functions of Project Management

The intensity with which Project


Management is applied must be
proportional to the need and
complexity of that project. Just as one
wouldnt commission a bazooka or a
flame thrower to kill a cockroach, it
would be an error of judgment to apply
the full gamut of project management
processes and tools to a project which
can probably be successfully managed
Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

66

Essential Functions of Project Management

Project Management seeks at least to


meet - and pre-ferably to exceed stakeholder needs (i.e. the identi-fied
requirements) as well as stakeholder
expecta-tions (i.e. unidentified
requirements) from a given project
within the constraints of scope, cost,
time and quality.
Project Management is an evolving

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

67

WEEKLY ASSIGNMENT #01


Does your organization use process
diagrammes to document the
relationship between, and the flow of
tasks in the projects which it
undertakes?
If affirmative, outline and draw two
examples of such diagrammes. If your
organization does not use process
diagrammes, then develop your own
based on your experience working on

Assistant Professor Dr. Aurangzeb Zulfiqar Khan


Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

68

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