Chapter10:

SystemsApproach
EffectsofRSandRL

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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SystemsApproach

Slide1

Thisapproachreducesacircuittoatwoportsystem.
Theeffectofchangingloadwillbemoreeasilydeterminedfromthetwoportparameters.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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TwoPortSystem

Slide2

TheImpedance(ZTH)acrosstheopenterminalsforNoLoad(RL)andNoSource(RS)
resistance:

ZTH Zo Ro

[Formula10.1]

TheVoltageacrosstheopenterminals(ETH):
ETH AVNLVi
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

(WhereAVNListhenoloadvoltagegain)

[Formula10.2]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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TwoPortEquivalentCircuit

Slide3

InputImpedance,Zi:

Zi=Ri

OutputImpedance,Zo:

Zo=Ro

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Slide4

EffectofLoadImpedance(RL)onVoltageGain

Thismodelcanbeappliedtoanycurrentorvoltagecontrolledamplifier.

Vo
RL
Av

AVNL
Vi RL Ro

[Formula10.3]

Addingaloadreducesthegainoftheamplifier:AV<AVNL
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Slide5

EffectofLoadImpedance(RL)onCurrents

Ii

Vi Vi

Zi Ri

[Formula10.4]

Vo
Io
RL

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

[Formula10.5]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Slide6

EffectofLoadImpedance(RL)onCurrentGain

Ai Av

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Zi
RL

[Formula10.6]

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ACLoadLine

Slide7

DCLoadLineisdrawnindependentoftheload
(RL)becausetheloadisisolatedfromthebiascircuit
byacouplingcapacitor(CC).
ACLoadLineincludestheload.Thecoupling
capacitorsarereplacedbyshortcircuits.
ACloadisdenotedRL:
R L=RC||RLThisestablishesACendpoints.
NotetheDCandACloadlinehavethesameQpoint,sotheywillintersect.
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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UnloadedCircuit

Slide8
(ExaminetheACwaveforms
drawnjustbelowtheVCEaxis)

AsmallACinputcancausethe
outputtoswingfromIB2toIB4.
Theoutputvoltageswingincreases
aswell.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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LoadedCircuit

Slide9

(ExaminetheACwaveformdrawn
nexttotheloadlines)
TheIBlevelincreasesbythesame
amountasitdidintheunloadedcircuit.
ButtheACloadlineissteeperthanthe
DCloadline;thereforetheoutput
voltageswingisless.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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ChangesinRL

Slide10
AsRLdecreases
theACloadlinegetssteeper
sothevoltagegaindecreases.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Slide11

EffectofSourceImpedance(RS)onVoltageGain

Vo
Ri
Avs

AVNL
Vs Ri Rs

[Formula10.9]

AsRSincreasesthevoltagegaindecreases.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Slide12

EffectofSourceImpedance(RS)onCurrent

Vs
Ii
Rs Ri

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

[Formula10.10]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Slide13

CombinedEffectofRSandRLonVoltageGain

[Fig.10.14]

EffectsofRL:

Av

EffectsofRLandRS:
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Avs

Vo RLAVNL

Vi RL Ro

Vo
Ri
RL

AVNL
Vs Ri Rs RL Ro

[Formula10.10]

[Formula10.10]
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CEFixedBiasConfiguration

Slide16

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Slide14

CombinedEffectofRSandRLonCurrentGain

EffectsofRL:

Ai Av

EffectsofRLandRS:
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Ais Avs

Ri
RL

Rs Ri
RL

[Formula10.10]

[Formula10.10]

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BJTCENetworks

Slide15

TheeffectsofLoadandSourceresistanceswillbeexaminedforthefollowingbiascircuits:
FixedBias
VoltageDividerBias
UnbypassedEmitterBias
CollectorFeedbackBias

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Impedances

Slide17

Inputimpedance:

Zi re

[Formula10.19]

Outputimpedance:

Zo RC

[Formula10.20]

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Gain

Slide18

RL || RC
re

[Formula10.17]

Zi
Av
Zi Rs

[Formula10.18]

Loadresistanceeffect:

Av

LoadandSourceresistanceeffect:

Avs

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Slide19

CEVoltageDividerBiasConfiguration

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Slide20

Impedances

Inputimpedance:

Zi R || re

[Formula10.21]

whereR=R1 || R2

Zo RC

Outputimpedance:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

[Formula10.22]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Gain

Slide21

Loadresistanceeffect:

Av

LoadandSourceresistanceeffect:

Avs

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

RC || RL
re

[Formula10.23]

Zi
Av
Zi RS

[Formula10.24]

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Slide22

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

CEUnbypassedEmitterBiasConfiguration

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Impedances

Slide23

Zi RB || RE

Inputimpedance:

Zo RC

Outputimpedance:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

[Formula10.25]

[Formula10.26]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Gain

Slide24

VoltageGain
Loadresistanceeffect:

Av

LoadandSourceresistanceeffect: Avs

Ai

CurrentGain

Vo
RC || RL

Vi
RE

[Formula10.27]

Vo
Zi

Av
Vs Zi Rs

[Formula10.28]

Io
Zi
Av
Ii
RL

[Formula10.29]

whereIi=Is=Vi/Zi

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

Slide25

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

CECollectorFeedbackBiasConfiguration

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Impedances

Slide26

Inputimpedance:

Zi re ||

RF
Av

[Formula10.33]

Outputimpedance:

Zo RC || RF

[Formula10.32]

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.

Gain

Slide27

Loadresistanceeffect:

LoadandSourceresistanceeffect:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Av

Avs

RC || RL
re

[Formula10.30]

Zi
Av
Zi Rs

[Formula10.31]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Slide28

BJTEmitterFollower(CC)Networks

Thisconfigurationissensitivetoloadandsourceresistancevariations.
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Impedances

Slide29

Zi RB || (re RE || RL)

Inputimpedance:

Zo RE || (

OutputImpedance:
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Rs
re)

[Formula10.38]
[Formula10.35]

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Gain

Slide30

Loadresistanceeffect:

LoadandSourceresistanceeffect:

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Av

Av s

Vo
RE || RL

Vi RE || RL re

Vo
RE || RL

Vs RE || RL Rs

[Formula10.30]

[Formula10.31]
re

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Slide31

BJTCommonBase(CB)Networks

Thisconfigurationisrelativelyunaffectedbyloadandsourceresistancevariations.
RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Impedances

Slide32

Theinputandoutputimpedancesareunaffectedbyloadandsource
resistance.

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Gain

Slide33

VoltageGain
Loadresistanceeffect:

Av

RC || RL
re

[Formula10.39]

LoadandSourceresistanceeffect:sameasabove

Ai 1

CurrentGain

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

[Formula10.40]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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FETNetworks

Slide34

FETsarenotaffectedbyvariationsinLoadandSourceresistanceasmuchasBJTs.
TheeffectsofLoadandSourceresistanceswillbeexaminedforthefollowing
configurations:
BypassedSourceResistanceCSConfiguration
UnbypassedSourceResistanceCSConfiguration
SourcrFollower(CD)Configuration
CommonGate(CG)Configuration

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Slide35

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

CSBypassedSourceConfiguration

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Impedances

Slide36

Inputimpedance:

Zi RG

[Formula10.42]

OutputImpedance:

Zo RD

[Formula10.43]

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Gain

Slide37

OnlytheLoadresistancehasaneffectonthegain.

Av gm(RD || RL)

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

[Formula10.41]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Slide38

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

CSUnbypassedSourceConfiguration

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Impedances

Slide39

Inputimpedance:

Zi RG

[Formula10.42]

OutputImpedance:

Zo RD

[Formula10.43]

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Gain

Slide40

OnlytheLoadresistancehasaneffectonthegain.

Av

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Vo
gm(RD || RL)

Vi
1 gmRS

[Formula10.43]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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Slide41

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

CDSourceFollowerConfiguration

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Impedances

Slide42

Inputimpedance:

Zi RG

OutputImpedance:

Zo RS ||

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

[Formula10.47]

1
gm

[Formula10.49]

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Gain

Slide43

OnlytheLoadresistancehasaneffectonthegain.

Av

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Vo
gm(RS || RL)

Vi
1 gm(RS || RL)

[Formula10.48]

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Slide44

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

CGCommonGateConfiguration

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Impedances

Slide45

Inputimpedance:

Zi

RS
1 gmRS

[Formula10.50]

OutputImpedance:

Zo RD

[Formula10.51]

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
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Gain

Slide46

OnlytheLoadresistancehasaneffectonthegain.

Av gm(RD || RL)

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

[Formula10.52]

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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SummaryTable

Slide47

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
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CascadedSystems

Slide48

Thesubsequentstagesactasloadstoprecedingstages.
Thegainforeachstagemustusetheinputimpedanceofthenextstageasaload.
Totalvoltagegain:

Av T Av1 Av2 Av3 .....

[Formula10.53]

Totalcurrentgain:

AiT AvT

Zi1
RL

[Formula10.54]

RobertBoylestad
DigitalElectronics

Copyright2002byPearsonEducation,Inc.
UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey07458
Allrightsreserved.