Sonic Logging

A type of acoustic log that displays travel time of Pwaves versus depth. Sonic logs are typically recorded
by pulling a tool on a
wireline up the wellbore. The tool emits a sound
wave that travels from the source to the
formation and back to a receiver.

Uses
Sonic logging is used in a wide range of geophysical,
geological and engineering applications in the oil
industry.
It plays an important role in such tasks as:
Evaluating reservoirs
Reducing exploration and production risks
Increasing HC recovery

How it works: the basics

A sound wave is generated
It travels through the formation
The wave is bounced back to a receiver
These waves are analysed according to their 4 main
constituents:

Velocity
Amplitude
Amplitude Attenuation
Frequency

 The most commonly analysed characteristic is the

Acoustic-wave velocity
It is controlled by a number of factors:

Lithology (mineralogy)
Cementation
Clay content
Texture
Porosity
Pore-fluid composition and saturation
Overburden-and pore-fluid pressure (stress)
Temperature

Resistivity Logging
Resistivity is the ability of a substance to
impede the flow of an electrical current.
3 main uses:
1. determine hydrocarbon vs. water bearing
zones,
2. indicate permeable zones,
3. determine resistivity porosity.

Measurements
Expressed in ohm-m
Two categories of resistivity logs
are:
Induction (conductivity)
Laterolog (resistivity)

Resistivity derived porosity

Grains and matrix are nonconductive
Conductivity derived from
pore spaces and fluids
Clay minerals and a few
other minerals, such as
pyrite, also conduct
electricity, and reduce the
difference.