Protection

By
S.Naresh Ram
Engineer-HVDC

Schemeatic

Transformer Faults
Internal

Earth
Faults in
T/f

Extern
al

Backup
Protection

Abnormal
Service

Overload

Over
Voltage

Transformer Protection
In-built Protection in Transformers
Oil
Surge
Detect
or
Buchholz
Alarm

Gas
Detect
or

Internal faults

Over Pressure

Load Tap
changer
Compartme
nt
Pressure Relief
Device

Temperatu
re Monitor
Over Load
Protection

Protection
Differential Protection

Instant Protection for short circuit Faults with-in the

differential Zone.
Most Common type of protection is Current Restrain
Type.
Restricted Earth Fault

High Impedance Differential Earth fault Protection for

one Winding or 1-ph.
It is sometimes used in Low impedance Earthed system
to give an Instantaneous Protection

More sensitive than T/F Diff Zone.

Protection
Back-up Protection

Variety of Relays are available:a. Over Current & Earth Fault protection (50,
51, 50N, 51N, 67, 67N any combination of
these)
b. Under Impedance/Distance (Z<) 21T
c. Neutral Displacement Protection (Un>)
d. Over Voltage relay (U>)
e. Over Flux/ Excitation (V/F>) Inverse-time &
Definite time.

Protection
S.N
o

Capacit
y
MVA

RatioKV

100

315

Main
Prot

Back up
Addn
protectio Protect
n

Spl
Protec

22o/132 Diff Relay

3OL+ 1Dir Bucholz,

EL
Over Flux,
OLTC OSR,
PRV/PRD,
Oil Temp,
Wnd temp

NIL

400/220 Diff Relay

3Dir OL+
1Dir EL

REF
Relay,
Over
Load
Alarm
Relay

Bucholz,
Over Flux,
OLTC OSR,
PRV/PRD,
Oil Temp,
Wnd temp

Aux Cts for Differential

Protection
For Merz Price Protection ,if T/f is connected in
Star/Star then CT secondary's are to be
connected in Delta/Delta.
Aux Cts Secondaries are connected in Delta,
For Achieving 1A to Relay, Aux Cts secondaries
current is to be 0.577A.
Example:- For 315MVA @400KV level Current
is 454.7A. Available Cts 2000-1000-500/1
Opted 500/1A , Then secondary of CT will be
0.91A HV Side Ratio= 0.91/0.577A

3 Necessary connection for three-phase metrosil set. Shown

connections are applicable for both types of three-phase plate.
6 The factory made star point on a three-phase setting resistor set.
7 How to connect three individual phase currents for high impedance
scheme to three CT inputsin the IED

8 Connection made in the Signal Matrix, which connects this current input to
first input channel of the preprocessing function block (10). For high
impedance differential protection
preprocessing function block in 3ms task shall be used.
9 Preprocessing block, which has a task to digitally filter the connected
analogue inputs.
Preprocessing block output AI1 shall be connected to one instances of 1Ph
high impedance
differential protection function HZPDIF (for example, instance 1 of HZPDIF in
the configuration

Transformer Plan

Transformer Cooling

T2-T1= (5200*60*60)/
(1875*3000)

Transformer Cooling
Specific Heat of OIL

Cooling Fundamentals
Compressor:- is meant for push the liquid/air to increase the velocity by

increasing pressure
Evaporator:- is just to make the liquid to air
Condensor:- by sucking the heat by fans/ the vapour is cooled down to
Liquid
1TR(refrigitation Ton)= 3.5KW
1TR needed or equillant to 450 CFM
Conduction = Heat transfer (Q/t i.e joules/sec = watt)= Thermal
Conductivity (K)* Area of Heat Contact (A)*Temperature diff(T2-T1)/
thickness of material(d)
{ Conduction is passing of heat energy between two objects that are
direct, physical contact.}
T1
Q/t =
T2

Line Protection- 220KV SLD

Carrier
Channel Fail

DT receive

Blocks Auto
reclose of Main
and TBC CB
3Phase Master
trip to Group
A/B and TBC

Directional

3 Phase Master
trip main &
TBC
DT send (other
substation)
channel 1 &
channel 2

Carrier 1 fail= Block A/R Line pane (REC670) & from intermediate
position to TBC A/R Panel( rec670). Logic OK

+ve

Ppush
button
Lockou
t

Normal case Only

supervision path takes i.e
relay wont pickup just led
glow, when DT receive
gets signal from plcc then
Green lining takes place

-ve

SYNCHRONISING LOGIC

SOTF is known as Switch On T Fault as the name suggest it will act when there is fault on
the line when closing. Here you asked the question of why we use even Distance protection
is there. In distance if the fault is in Zone 2 as per distance protection it will operate only
after predetrmined time normally 0.3 or 0.5 Seconds for Zone 2 but this type of faults has to
be removed instantaneously but in this condition as Distance Zone Fails SOTF which clear
the fault instantaneously. This fault mostly occur while restoring the line after maintenance
if earth switch not open at other end of line normally this will be in Zone 2 of distance as
Zone 1 will cover only for 80% of line so in this case SOTF will act faster than distance

315MVA ICT
Guaranteed: Top Oil rise: 50 C ; Max, Average Winding
rise: 55 CMax.
Cooling type: ONAN/ONAF/OFAFONAN : Radiator : 20 X 2300cc X 24 Sec.
ONAF:-10 numbers of fans are running, 5 in each cooler
bank
Fan: 415 Volts, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 0.7 kW per fan..
OFAF:- 2 numbers of pumps are running, 1 in each cooler
bank
Pump:- 2.8 kW, 415 V, 3-Phase, 50 Hz

OLT
If
DC side of the converter is open and when there are no firing
pulses, valves can not be conducted, the voltage of A and B is
zero, due to the active of three phase conversion voltage, then the
valve voltage is transformer secondary side phase voltage. The
open voltage differ with conversion principle when converter been
firing
the voltage of V1 is phase voltage U a however the reference
point is positive zero-crossing point of U ac then zero-crossing
point of V1 voltage is lead 30. when firing angle is bigger than
150 the V1 voltage is negative, then the V1 can not conduct even
has firing pulse
V a=

Vdc for OLT

=
=--}
={
=;

OLT Figure