Presentation

ON
INDIA
INDIA
 India is one of the ancient civilization in the
world.
 It has achieved multi-faceted socio-
economic progress during the last five
decades.
 It has moved forward displaying
remarkable progress in the field of
agriculture, industry, technology, and
overall economic development.
 India has also contributed significantly to
the making of world history.
AREA & LOCATION
 The Northern hemisphere the main land
extend between longitudes 8º4’N and
37º6’N and longitudes 68°7' E and
97°25‘E. It is the
seventh-largest country in the world, with a
total land area of 3,287,263 square
kilometers (1,269,219 sq mi). India
measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north
to south and 2,993 km (1,860 mi) from east
to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km
(9,445 mi) and a coastline of 7,517 km
(4,671 mi).
CLIMATE OF INDIA (I)
 The climate of India defies easy
generalization, comprising a wide range of
weather conditions across a large
geographic scale and varied topography.
Analyzed according to the Köppen system,
India hosts six major climatic subtypes,
ranging from desert in the west, to
alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, to
humid tropical regions supporting
rain forests in the southwest and the island
territories. Many regions have starkly
different micro climates. The nation has
four seasons: winter (January and
February), summer (March to May), a
monsoon (rainy) season (June to
September), and a post-monsoon period
(October to December).
CLIMATE OF INDIA (II)
 India's unique geography and geology
strongly influence its climate; this is
particularly true of the Himalayas in the
north and the Thar Desert in the northwest.
The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid
katabatic winds flowing down from
Central Asia. Thus, North India is kept
warm or only mildly cold during winter; in
summer, the same phenomenon makes
India relatively hot. Although the
Tropic of Cancer—the boundary between
the tropics and subtropics—passes through
the middle of India, the whole country is
considered to be tropical.
BAR GRAPH OF INDIAN
POPULATION 1901-2001
 DEMOGRAPHICS OF
INDIA
 The demographics of India are remarkably
diverse. India is the second-largest populated
country in the world with over 1.18 billion
people (estimate for April, 2010) and consists
of more than one-sixth of the world's
population. It contributes 17.31% of the world's
population and projected that India will be the
largest populated country by 2025 surpassing
China, and by 2050 it will have over 1.6 billion
people.[1][2] India has more than two thousand
ethnic groups, and every major religion is
represented, as are four major families of
languages (Indo-European, Dravidian,
Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages)
as well as a language isolate (the
Nihali language[3] spoken in parts of
Maharashtra).
Flora
F A UNA
VEGETATION AND
WILDLIFE I
 The wildlife of India is a mix of
species of diverse origins. The
region's rich and diverse wildlife is
preserved in numerous national
parks and wildlife sanctuaries across
the country. Since India is home to a
number of rare and threatened
animal species, wildlife management
in the country is essential to preserve
these species. According to one
study, India along with 17 mega
diverse countries is home to about
60-70% of the world's biodiversity.
VEGETATION AND
WILDLIFE II
 India, lying within the Indomalaya ecozone, is home
to about 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of avian,
6.2% of reptilian, and 6.0% of flowering plant
species. Many ecoregions, such as the shola
forests, also exhibit extremely high rates of
endemism; overall, 33% of Indian plant species are
endemic. India's forest cover ranges from the
tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands,
Western Ghats, and Northeast India to the
coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these
extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous
forest of eastern India; teak-dominated
dry deciduous forest of central and southern India;
and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central
Deccan and western Gangetic plain. Important
Indian trees include the medicinal neem, widely
used in rural Indian herbal remedies. The pipal fig
tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-Daro, shaded
the Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
HISTORY OF INDIA (I)
 Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at
the Bhimbetka rock shelters in
Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known
traces of human life in India. The first
known permanent settlements appeared
over 9,000 years ago and gradually
developed into the Indus Valley Civilization
dating back to 3400 BCE in western India.
It was followed by the Vedic period, which
laid the foundations of Hinduism and other
cultural aspects of early Indian society, and
ended in the 500s BCE. From around
550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and
republics known as the Mahajanapadas
were established across the country.
HISTORY OF INDIA (II)
 In the third century BCE, most of South
Asia was united into the Maurya Empire by
Chandragupta Maurya and flourished
under Ashoka the Great.[34] From the third
century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw
the period referred to as ancient "
India's Golden Age."[35][36] Empires in
Southern India included those of the
Chalukyas, the Cholas and the
Vijayanagara Empire. Science, technology,
engineering, art, logic, language, literature,
mathematics, astronomy, religion and
philosophy flourished under the patronage
of these kings.
HISTORY OF INDIA (III)
 Following invasions from Central Asia between the
10th and 12th centuries, much of North India came
under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and later the
Mughal Empire. Under the rule of Akbar the Great,
India enjoyed much cultural and economic progress
as well as religious harmony. Mughal emperors
gradually expanded their empires to cover large
parts of the subcontinent. However, in
North-Eastern India, the dominant power was the
Ahom kingdom of Assam, among the few kingdoms
to have resisted Mughal subjugation. The first major
threat to Mughal imperial power came from a Hindu
Rajput king Maha Rana Pratap of Mewar in the 16th
century and later from a Hindu state known as the
Maratha confederacy, that dominated much of India
in the mid-18th century.
INDIAN CULTURE
 India's culture is marked by a high degree of
syncretism and cultural pluralis. It has managed to
preserve established traditions while absorbing new
customs, traditions, and ideas from invaders and
immigrants and spreading its cultural influence to
other parts of Asia, mainly South East and
East Asia. Traditional Indian society is defined by
relatively strict social hierarchy. The
Indian caste system describes the social
stratification and social restrictions in the Indian
subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by
thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often
termed as jātis or castes.
 Currently, there are an estimated 160 million Dalits
or "untouchables" in India. The majority of Dalits live
in segregation and experience violence, murder,
rape and other atrocities to the scale of 110,000
registered cases a year, according to 2005
statistics.
SPORTS OF INDIA
India's official national sport is field hockey,
administered by the Indian Hockey Federation. The
Indian field hockey team won the 1975
Men's Hockey World Cup and 8 gold, 1 silver and 2
bronze medals at the Olympic games. However,
cricket is the most popular sport; the
India national cricket team won the
1983 Cricket World Cup and the
2007 ICC World Twenty20, and shared the
2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka.
Cricket in India is administered by the
Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI); and
domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the
Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the
Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. In addition,
BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League, a
Twenty20 competition.
 INDIAN POLITICS
 India is the most populous democracy in the world. For most of the
years since independence, the federal government has been led by the
Indian National Congress (INC). Politics in the states have been
dominated by several national parties including the INC, the
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
(CPI(M)) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two
brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority.
 The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the
Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the
state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the
Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for
only two years. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority,
the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister
P.V. Narsimhan Rao and was able to complete its five-year term.
 The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal
government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP
formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front
coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP
formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several other
parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a
full five-year term.

*Present Govt. is Congress whose leader is Soniya Gandhi

and Dr. Man Mohan Singh is the recent Prime Minister of
India.
 Foreign relations and military
 Since its independence in 1947, India has
maintained cordial relationships with most nations.
It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the
independence of European colonies in Africa and
Asia.[75] India is a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations and a founding member
of the Non-Aligned Movement.[76] India was
involved in two brief military interventions in
neighbouring countries –
Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka and
Operation Cactus in Maldives. After the
Sino-Indian War and the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India's relationship with
the Soviet Union warmed and continued to remain
so until the end of the Cold War. India has fought
two wars with Pakistan over the Kashmir dispute. A
third war between India and Pakistan in 1971
resulted in the creation of Bangladesh (then
East Pakistan).[77] Additional skirmishes have
taken place between the two nations over the
Siachen Glacier. In 1999, India and Pakistan fought
an undeclared war over Kargil.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
INDIAN PAINTINGS - I
The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of
pre-historic times, the petroglyphs as found in places
like Bhimbetka, and some of them are older than
5500 BC. Such works continued and after several
millennia, in the 7th century, carved pillars of Ellora,
Maharashtra state present a fine example of Indian
paintings, and the colors, mostly various shades of
red and orange, were derived from minerals.
Thereafter, frescoes of Ajanta and Ellora Caves
appeared. India's Buddhist literature is replete with
examples of texts which describe that palaces of
kings and aristocratic class were embellished with
paintings, but they have largely not survived. But, it is
believed that some form of art painting was practiced
during that time.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
INDIAN PAINTINGS - II
 Indian paintings provide an aesthetic
continuum that extends from the early
civilization to the present day. From being
essentially religious in purpose in the
beginning, Indian painting has evolved over
the years to become a fusion of various
cultures and traditions. The Indian painting
was exposed to Greco-Roman as well as
Iranian and Chinese influences. Cave
paintings in different parts of India bear
testimony to these influences and a
continuous evolution of new idioms is
evident.