Specific Orbit

r=a =0.529
Radii
(Bohr radius)

Quantization of Energy

Most negative

E 2.178 10 18 J Z

1
n 2
f

1
2
ni

Bohr Frequency Condition:

n = 1 is ground state (most negative energy)

n> 1 is an excited state

E h

Absorption vs. Emission

Bohr Model Calculation

Predicts Correctly the Spectrum of
Hydrogen
E 61 2.178 10

18

1
1
J 2 2
6
1

18

2
.
117

10
J 0

Emission: Energy is Lost

_

n =6
n =1

c
E h h

hc 6.626 10 34 J .s 2.9979 108 ms 1

8

9
.
383

10
m 93.8 nm
18
E
2.117 10 J
UV light

Absorption: Energy is Gained

+
n =2
n =1

E12 2.178 10

n =1

18

1
1
J 2 2 1.633 10 18 J 0
1
2

n = (here energy is zero)

Ionization Energy : E1 2.178 10

18

Balmer and Lyman Series

Balmer Series: Any n to n = 2 (Visible)
E ni 2 2.178 10

18

1
J 2
4 ni

Lyman Series: Any n to n = 1 (UV)

E ni 1 2.178 10

18

1 1
J 2
1 n
i

The Bohr Model Failed to

Predict the Emission Lines for
Multi-electron Atoms
A NEW PHYSICS WAS NEEDED:
The BIRTH of QUANTUM MECHANICS

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

There is a fundamental limitation as to how precisely we can
know the position and the momentum of a particle at a given time

h
x . mv
4
x uncertainty in position
mv uncertainty in linear momentum
In other words: the position and the momentum of a particle
cannot be simultaneously determined to arbitrarily high
precision

Thought Experiment Illustrating

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Assume: Microscope--

photon: very energetic

e
E electron

Possibility 1:
NO HIT
NO OBSERVATION
Possibility 2:
HIT therefore
OBSERVATION
BUTCHANGE In Momentum
and Position

Momentum
Position OK changes

The higher the accuracy in the knowledge of the

position (more energetic light, lower wavelength) the higher the uncertainty in the
knowledge of the velocity (or linear momentum).

In this way, quantum theory reminds us, as Bohr

has put it, of the old wisdom that when searching
for harmony in life one must never forget that in
the drama of existence we are ourselves both
players and spectators.
It is understandable that in our scientific relation to
nature our own activity becomes very important
when we have to deal with parts of nature into
which we can penetrate only by using the most
elaborate tools.
Heisenberg, from
Physics and Philosophy

The electron as a Standing Wave bound to the nucleus

STANDING WAVES:

node:
zero magnitude
of displacement

L=n ( /2)

Erwin Schrdinger
In 1926 wrote a wave equation known as the

Schrdinger Equation

The electron as a Standing Wave bound to the nucleus

He used the classical wave equation
and de Broglie relationship of wave-particle duality
and obtained a Wave Equation for the electron in the atom