CONCRETE

PAVEMENT
Portland Cement

Portland Cement

A combination of limestone, marl or

other calcareous materials and clay,
shale, or like argillaceous substances.
There are different types of Portland
Cement specified by AASHTO

Portland Cement
1. Type I or AI (Air entraining). This type of
cement is for general concrete construction when
the specified properties of the other four types
are not required.
2. Type II or IIA (Air entraining). Also for general
concrete construction exposed to moderate
action or when moderate heat of hydration is
required.

Portland Cement
3. Type III or IIIA (Air entraining). This is
for high strength concrete.
4. Type IV is for low heat of hydration.
5. Type V for high sulphate resistance.

Portland Cement

Portland Cement

Portland Cement

Portland Cement
Generally, Portland cement constitute the
following chemicals:
1.Tricalcium Silicate (C3S)
2.Dicalcium Silicate (C2S)
3.Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A)
4.Tetracalcium Alumina Ferrite (C4AF)

Portland Cement

Types of Cement

Comp. Strength Nominal

Portland Cement
Percent

Compound Percent
C3S

C2S

C3A

C4AF

1 day

7 days

28 days

3 months

I Normal

50

24

11

100

100

100

100

II Modified

42

33

13

75

85

90

100

III High Early

60

13

13

75

85

90

100

IV Low Heat

26

50

12

55

55

75

100

V Sulfate
Resistant

40

40

65

75

75

100

CONCRETE
PAVEMENT
Concrete Pavement
Characteristics and Behavior

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior

Depends upon the quality of concrete, the

underlying sub grade, and the base course.
Strong in resisting compression load, but
considerably weak in resisting tensile stresses.
Expand and contract due to temperature
changes.

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior

Concrete Pavement Design Assumes the Following
Considerations:
1.The pavement slab was designed as plain concrete
beams.
2.Transverse cracks on the concrete pavement cannot be
avoided. The designer however, presumes that pavement
cracks could be controlled, by providing reinforcements
to the slab joints with the following assumptions.
a. With reinforcement, cracks on the slab will be confined
to a weakened plain joints spaced at 4.50 to 6.00 meters

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior

b. Vertical offsetting across the narrow cracks will be
prevented by aggregate interlock, or by dowel bars.
c. With simply reinforced slab, cracks will only appear
at weakened plain joints spaced at 12 to 20 meters
intervals. Hair cracks to be held tightly by the steel
between joints.
d. With continuous reinforcement, transverse joints
are omitted. Hair cracks are checked by the steel and
developed at close intervals.
e. Faulting is countered by aggregate interlock and
steel bars.

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior

3. Longitudinal cracks on the pavement slab more
than one lane wide is inevitable.
4. Pavement slab is supported by foundation that
deflects when loaded that but recover when the
load is removed, assuming that the foundation
materials are elastic or like a dense liquid.

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Deterioration of concrete due to stress brought
about by load, moisture and temperature
Distress of Concrete
a. Distortion vertical displacement of concrete
slab at the joints of cracks. It is due to failure or
weakness of concrete joints.

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior

b. Faulting the result of pumping

tremendous force or load that develop under
pavement. For faulting to occur, there must be
free water on top of the base course and
pavement deflection across the joint due to
heavy axle loads.
Causes:
a. Loss of slab support
b. Erosion of sub base

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior

Cracking can take many forms in concrete

pavement that could be the result from; applied
load, temperature or moisture changes. Common
types of cracks are:
a. Corner cracks associated with excessive
corner deflection
b. Transverse cracks associated with mixture or
temperature stresses, or poor construction
methods.

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior

Disintegration

Concrete Pavement Characteristics and Behavior