LTE RPESS

LTE EPS Overview

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Module Objectives
After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

List the LTE/SAE main requirements

Underline the LTE/SAE key features
Describe the LTE Network Architecture
List the key functionalities of the evolved NB
Understand the protocol stack implemented on EUTRAN
interfaces
Identify the LTE Terminals categories

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Module Contents

LTE Requirements
LTE Key Features
LTE Standardization
LTE Architecture
Evolved NB functionalities
EUTRAN Interfaces
LTE Terminals
LTE Summary

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Module Contents

LTE Requirements
LTE Key Features
LTE Standardization
LTE Architecture
Evolved NB functionalities
EUTRAN Interfaces
LTE Terminals
LTE Summary

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What are the LTE challenges?

The Users expectation

..leads to the operators challenges

Best price, transparent flat rate

Full Internet
Click-bang responsiveness

reduce cost per bit

provide high data rate
provide low latency

User experience will have an

impact on ARPU

Price per Mbyte has to be reduced

to remain profitable

Throughput

Latency

2-3

Fa
ct o

tor

r1

c
Fa

HSPA

Cost per MByte

LTE

HSPA

LTE

UMTS

HSPA

I-HSPA

LTE

LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
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LTE = Long Term Evolution

Next step for

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
and CDMA

A true global roaming technology

Peak data rates of 300

Mbps / 50 Mbps (R8)

Enhanced consumer experience

Low latency 10-20 ms

Scalable bandwidth of
1.4 20 MHz (R8)

Easy to introduce on any

frequency band

OFDM technology
Flat, scalable IP based
architecture

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Decreased cost / GB

Schedule for 3GPP releases

Next step for

A true global roaming technology

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
and cdma2000
Specification:
UMTS/
WCDMA
3GPP
3GPP Rel.
Rel. 99/4
99/4
2000

HSDPA
IMS

HSUPA
MBMS
WLAN IW

HSPA+
LTE Studies

LTE & EPC

LTE-A
studies

LTE-A

Rel.
Rel. 55

Rel.
Rel. 66

Rel.
Rel. 77

Rel.
Rel. 88

Rel.
Rel. 99

Rel.
Rel. 10
10

2003

2005

2007

2008

2009

2011

year

LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been
simple multimode implementation and backwards compatibility.
HSPA and LTE have in common:
Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency
Same kind of Turbo coding
The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are
typically done on hardware due to high processing requirements.
WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization.

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LTE-A: LTE-Advanced

Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2)

Enhanced consumer experience:
- drives subscriber uptake
- allow for new applications
- provide additional revenue streams

Peak data rates of 303

Mbps / 75 Mbps (R8)

Low latency 10-20 ms

350
300

Mbps

250

Max. peak data rate

Downlink
Uplink

Latency (Rountrip delay)*

200
150

GSM/
EDGE

100

HSPA
Rel6

50
0
HSPA R6

Evolved HSPA
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2
MIMO)

LTE 2x20 MHz

(2x2 MIMO)

LTE 2x20
MHz (4x4
MIMO)

HSPAevo
(Rel8)
LTE

min max

20

40

* Server near RAN

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60

80

100

120

140

160

180

DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)

200 ms

Scalable Bandwidth
Scalable bandwidth

Easy to introduce on any

frequency band: Frequency
Refarming
(Cost efficient deployment on
lower frequency bands supported)

Scalable bandwidth
of 1.4 20 MHz

Urban
2.6 GHz

LTE
UMTS

2.1 GHz

or
2.6 GHz

LTE

2006

2008

LTE

UMTS

2.1 GHz
2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

Rural
UMTS

900 MHz GSM

LTE

or

2006
10

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2008

LTE

GSM

900 MHz

2010

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2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

Increased Spectral Efficiency

OFDMA technology
increases Spectral
efficiency

LTE efficiency is 3 x HSPA R6 in

downlink
HSPA R7 and WiMAX have Similar
Spectral Efficiency

All cases assume 2-antenna terminal reception

HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE assume 2-antenna BTS transmission (2x2 MIMO)

ITU contribution from

WiMAX Forum shows
DL 1.3 & UL 0.8 bps/Hz/cell

Reference:
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia
simulations

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Reduced Network Complexity

Flat, scalable IP based

architecture

Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture

IP based Interfaces

Flat, IP based architecture

Access

Core

Control

MME

IMS

HLR/HSS

Internet
Evolved Node B

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Gateway

LTE/SAE Requirements Summary

1.

Simplify the RAN:

- Reduce the number of different types of RAN nodes, and their complexity.
- Minimize the number of RAN interface types.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Increase throughput: Peak data rates of UL/DL 50/300 Mbps (R8)

8.

Minimise the presence of single points of failure in the network above the eNBs S1-Flex
interface

Reduce latency (prerequisite for CS replacement).

Improve spectrum efficiency: Capacity 2-4 x higher than with Release 6 HSPA
Frequency flexibility & bandwidth scalability: Frequency Refarming
Migrate to a PS only domain in the core network: CSFB, SRVCC
Provide efficient support for a variety of different services. Traditional CS services will be
supported via VoIP, etc: EPS bearers for IMS based Voice

9. Support for inter-working with existing 3G system & non-3GPP specified systems.
10. Operation in FDD & TDD modes
11. Improved terminal power efficiency
A more detailed list of the requirements and objectives for LTE can be found in TR 25.913.

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Module Contents

LTE Requirements
LTE Key Features
LTE Standardization
LTE Architecture
Evolved NB functionalities
EUTRAN Interfaces
LTE Terminals
LTE Summary

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LTE Radio Interface Key Features

LTE Radio
Access Network
(EUTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

SAE-GW
MME

eNode-B

Serving
GW

PDN
GW

LTE Radio Interface Key Features

Retransmission Handling (HARQ/ARQ)
Spectrum Flexibility
FDD & TDD modes
Multi-Antenna Transmission
Frequency and time Domain scheduling
Uplink (UL) Power Control
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Packet
Data
Network

EUTRAN Key Features

LTE Radio
Access Network
(EUTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

SAE-GW
MME

eNode-B

Serving
GW

EUTRAN Key Features:

Evolved NodeB
IP transport layer
UL/DL resource scheduling
QoS Awareness
Self-configuration
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PDN
GW

Packet
Data
Network

EPC Key Features

LTE Radio
Access Network
(EUTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

SAE-GW
MME

eNode-B

Serving
GW

PDN
GW

EPC Key Features:

IP transport layer
QoS Awareness
Packet Switched Domain only
3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option
Prepare to connect to non-3GPP access networks
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Packet
Data
Network

Module Contents

LTE Requirements
LTE Key Features
LTE Standardization
LTE Architecture
Evolved NB functionalities
EUTRAN Interfaces
LTE Terminals
LTE Summary

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Network Architecture Evolution

HSPA

Direct tunnel

I-HSPA

LTE

HSPA R6

HSPA R7

HSPA R7

LTE R8

GGSN

GGSN

GGSN

SAE GW

SGSN

SGSN

SGSN

RNC

RNC

Node B
(NB)

Node B
(NB)

Node B +
RNC
Functionality

Flat architecture: single network element in user

plane in radio network and core network

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MME/SGSN

Evolved
Node B
(eNB)

User plane
Control Plane

Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture - Subsystems

The EPS architecture goal is to optimize the system for packet data transfer.
There are no circuit switched components. The EPS architecture is made up of:
EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE
eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE
EPS Architecture
LTE or eUTRAN

SAE or EPC

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EPC provides access to

external packet IP networks and
performs a number of CN
related functions (e.g. QoS,
security, mobility and terminal
context management) for idle
and active terminals
eUTRAN performs all radio
interface related functions

LTE/SAE Network Elements

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

HSS

eNB
Mobility
Management
Entity

Policy &
Charging Rule
Function

S6a

MME

X2
S1

S10

S7

ME
M
-

Rx+
PCRF

S11
S5/S8

S1-U
LTE-Uu

LTE-UE

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Evolved Node B
(eNB)

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Serving
Gateway

PDN
Gateway
SAE
Gateway

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SGi

PDN

Module Contents

LTE Requirements
LTE Key Features
LTE Standardization
LTE Architecture
Evolved NB functionalities
EUTRAN Interfaces
LTE Terminals
LTE Summary

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Evolved Node B (eNB)

eNB Functions
Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells
Radio Bearer Control: setup , modifications and
release of Radio Resources
Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Management,
MME-UE Connection
Radio Admission Control
eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation
Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)
IP Header Compression/ de-compression
Access Layer Security: ciphering and integrity
protection on the radio interface
MME Selection at Attach of the UE
User Data Routing to the SAE GW
Transmission of Paging Msg coming from MME
Transmission of Broadcast Info (e.g. System info,
MBMS)
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Only network element defined as

part of eUTRAN.
Replaces the old Node B / RNC
combination from 3G.
Terminates the complete radio
interface including physical layer.
Provides all radio management
functions
To enable efficient inter-cell radio
management for cells not attached to
the same eNB, there is a inter-eNB
interface X2 specified. It will allow to
coordinate inter-eNB handovers
without direct involvement of EPC
during this process.

Module Contents

LTE Requirements
LTE Key Features
LTE Standardization
LTE Architecture
Evolved NB functionalities
EUTRAN Interfaces
LTE Terminals
LTE Summary

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LTE Radio Interface & the X2 Interface

LTE-Uu interface

(E)-RRC
User PDUs
PDUs .. User
User PDUs
PDUs
(E)-RRC User
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC

TS 36.300

MAC
MAC

eNB

LTE-L1
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
(FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)

LTE-Uu

X2-CP
(Control Plane)
TS 36.423
TS 36.422
TS 36.421

Inter eNB interface

X2AP: special signalling protocol

X2-UP
(User Plane)
User
User PDUs
PDUs

X2-AP
X2-AP

GTP-U
GTP-U

SCTP
SCTP

UDP
UDP

IP
IP

IP
IP

L1/L2
L1/L2

L1/L2
L1/L2

TS 36.424

TS 36.421

(Application Part)
Functionalities:
X2
In inter- eNB HO to facilitate Handover
and provide data forwarding.
In RRM to provide e.g. load
information to neighbouring eNBs to
facilitate interference management.
Logical interface: doesnt need direct
site-to-site connection, i.e. can be
routed via CN as well

eNB
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Air interface of LTE

Based on OFDMA in DL & SC-FDMA in UL
FDD & TDD duplex methods
Scalable bandwidth: 1.4MHz - 20 MHz

X2 interface

TS 36.420

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S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces

S1 interface is divided into two parts:

S1-MME
(Control Plane)

S1-MME interface

NAS
NAS Protocols
Protocols

Control Plane interface between eNB &

MME

S1AP:S1 Application Protocol

MME & UE will exchange NAS signaling

maximum of 16 MME. (LTE2, RL20)

S1-U interface

User plane interface between eNB & Serving

Gateway.

Pure user data interface (U=User plane)

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S1-AP
S1-AP

TS 36.412

SCTP
SCTP

MME

IP
IP
TS 36.411

L1/L2
L1/L2

via eNB through this interface ( i.e.

authentication, tracking area updates)

S1 Flex: an eNB is allowed to connect to a

TS 36.413

S1-U
(User Plane)

eNB

User
User PDUs
PDUs

TS 36.414

GTP-U
GTP-U
UDP
UDP
IP
IP

TS 36.411

L1/L2
L1/L2

TS 36.410

Serving
Gateway

Module Contents

LTE Requirements
LTE Key Features
LTE Standardization
LTE Architecture
Evolved NB functionalities
EUTRAN Interfaces
LTE Terminals
LTE Summary

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LTE UE Categories

Power
Class

Tx Power
(dBm)

All categories support 20 MHz

[+30]

64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink

(except Class 5 & 8)

[+27]

2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1

+23

[+21]

+/-2 dB

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Class 5

Class 6

Class 7

Class 8

10/5 Mbps

50/25 Mbps

100/50 Mbps

150/50 Mbps

299/75 Mbps

301/50 Mbps

301/102 Mbps

3000/1500
Mbps

RF bandwidth

20 MHz

20 MHz

20 MHz

20 MHz

20 MHz

20 MHz

20 MHz

20 MHz

Modulation DL

64QAM

64QAM

64QAM

64QAM

64QAM

64QAM

64QAM

64QAM

Modulation UL

16QAM

16QAM

16QAM

16QAM

64QAM

16QAM

16QAM

64QAM

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Optional

2x2

2x2

2x2

4x4

2x2 or 4x4

2x2 or 4x4

8x8

peakrate
DL/UL

Rx diversity
MIMO DL

28

Tolerance
(dB)

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Module Contents

LTE Requirements
LTE Key Features
LTE Standardization
LTE Architecture
Evolved NB functionalities
EUTRAN Interfaces
LTE Summary

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LTE: What is new?

new radio transmission schemes:
OFDMA in DL
SC-FDMA in UL
MIMO Multiple Antenna Technology
New radio protocol architecture:
Complexity reduction
Focus on shared channel operation,
no dedicated channels anymore

new network architecture:

More functionality in the base
station (eNodeB)
Focus on PS domain
Flat architecture (2-nodes)
All-IP

Important for Radio Planning

Frequency Reuse 1
No need for Frequency Planning
No need to define neighbour lists in
LTE

OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

SC-FDMA: Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
PS: Packet Switched
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