Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Faculty of Chemical
Engineering
Universiti Teknologi
MARA
Introduction
Safety
Health
Chronic
Acute
Hazard
Risk
Accident
Incident
Near Miss
Some Terminologies
5
M
Man
Machin
e
Method
Materia
l
Milieu
Sources of Hazards
Broad Categories of
Hazards
Category
Example
Chemical Hazards
Mechanical Hazards
Thermodynamics Hazards
Health Hazards
External Threats
Safety Hazards
Process
leaks
Category
Drilling
Completion,
Production
(including
wirelining)
Workover
Abandonment,
Leaks of gas/oil
from:
Wellhead
equipment,
Separators &
other process
equipment,
Compressors and
other gas
Marine
Collisions
Supply vessels
Standby vessels
Fishing vessels
Drilling rigs
Offshore loading
tankers
Personnel
Transport
Helicopter crash
into
sea/platform/ashor
e
Boat transfer
Basket transfer
Category
Category
Category
Dropped
objects
Constructions
Crane operations
Cargo transfer
Structural
events
Extreme weather
Foundation failure
Bridge collapse
Crane Collapse
Nonprocess
spills
Chemical
Methanol/Glycol
Bottled gas leaks
Nonprocess
fires
Fuel gas
Electrical
Accomodation
Machinery
Workshop
No
.
Control
Method
Description/Example
1.
Eliminate
2.
Substitute
3.
Isolate
4.
Engineering
controls
5.
Administrativ
e controls
6.
PPE
1. Eliminate
3. Isolate
4. Engineering Control
6. Use PPE
Personal Protective
Equipment
an unplanned event
that did not result in
injury, illness, or
damage but had the
potential to do so.
another term for this
event: close call
Near Miss..
Accident Pyramids
Major
Injury
29
Minor
Injury
300
Incidents
(near
miss)
H.W. Heinrich
Major
Acciden
t
10
Minor
Acciden
t
30
Property
Damage
Accidents
600
Near miss
Frank E. Bird Jr
Fire
Explosio
n
Toxic
Release
Accident
sFires
Consequenc
es
Fatalities
Explosions
Toxic
Releases
Injuries
Environmental
Damage
Property Damage
Evacuations
Property Losses
Plant Closings
Fines, Lawsuit
Consequences of Major
Industrial Accidents:
Bhopal, 1984
Chernobyl, 1986
23 March 2005
Fire and Explosion
Killing 15 workers and injuring more
than 170 others.
Video Session
Importance of Safety
Prevention of ...
Death and injury to general publics
Physical and financial damage to the
properties/facilities
Damage to third party properties
Damage to the environment
Accident is costly!!!
Importance of Safety
Importance of Safety
Cost of Accidents
Indirect
Costs
Direct Costs
Direct Costs
costs that are accrued directly from
the accident
quite easy to calculate
usually insurable by businesses
Indirect Costs
the less obvious consequences of an
accident that can be costed
While the indirect costs created by
accidents are hidden, they too must
be paid
more difficult to calculate and tend
not to be insured
Cost of Accidents
Code of Ethics
Theories of
Accident
Causation
To make a living
To provide society with desirable products
2% of industrial
accidents are
Domino Theory
Heinrichs Axiom of
Industrial Safety
Heinrichs Axiom of
Industrial Safety
Heinrichs Axiom of
Industrial Safety
Social
Environment
and Ancestry
Fault of
Person
(Carelessnes
s)
Unsafe Act
or
Condition
Accident
Injury
Fault of a person
Negative character traits, whether
inherited or acquired, are why people
behave in unsafe manner and why
hazardous conditions exist.
Accidents
Injury
Domino Theory
Injury
Accident
Unsafe act/unsafe condition
Fault of a person
Ancestry and social environment
Removal of unsafe
acts/unsafe conditions
prevents the accident
Video Session
Inappropriate
response
Overload
Overload
Environmental factors
(noise, distractions,
etc.);
Situational factors
(level of risks, unclear
instructions, etc.); and
Internal factors
(personal problems,
emotional stress,
Added burden
resulting from
Inappropriate Response
Examples of
inappropriate activities
include:
A person undertaking a task
he or she doesnt know how
to do (performing tasks
without requisite training)
A person misjudging the
degree of risk involved in a
given task and proceeding
based on that misjudgment.
Inappropriate Activities
Overload
Fatigue
Environmental
factors
Internal Factors
Situational
Factors
Inappropriate
Response
Inappropriat
e Activities
Detecting hazard
but not correcting
it
Removing
safeguards from
machines &
equipment
Ignoring safety
Misunderstandin
g the directions
Operating
without
authority
Performing task
without the
requisite training
Misjudging the
degree of risk
involved with a
given tasks
Horseplay
Human
Factors
Theory
Defects
Glomar Java
Sea Drillship 1983
Alexander L.
Kielland - 1980
Usumacinta 2007
Mumbai High
North - 2005
Deepwater
Horizon - 2010
Assignment-1 (Individual)
Due Date: 1 week
Plagiaris
m is a
Video Session
Safety Culture
Safety Culture
Safety Culture
Safety Culture
defined hazards
continuous organisational learning
through practices such as feedback
systems, monitoring and analysing
a care and concern for hazards which is
Safety Legislation
and Regulations
OSH Legislation in
Malaysia was based on
the traditional approach
derived from 19th
Century British
Legislation
The industrial revolution
in Britain resulted in
some unsafe and
unhealthy working
conditions plus a high
numbers of injury and
disease.
Evolution of OSH
Legislation
Evolution of OSH
Legislation
Evolution of OSH
Legislation
There should be more self regulation by
employers and employees; (for example Safety &
Health Officers and Safety & Health Committees);
There should be a single, comprehensive Act
dealing with occupational safety and health that
should contain a clear statement of the basic
principles of the safety responsibility of
employers, employees and manufacturers,
based on common law.
The Act shall be supported by regulations and
voluntary codes with the emphasis on the latter.
Evolution of OSH
Legislation
Introduction to OSHA
1994
Introduction to OSHA
1994
Main principles that had been taken as the
foundation in the drafting of this Act.
1. Self-regulation
To handle issues relating to occupational safety and
health, employers must develop a good and orderly
management system. Starting with formation of a
safety and health policy and consequently employers
have to make the proper arrangements to be carried
out.
2. Tripartite consultation
where employers, employees and the government
must negotiate to settle issues and problems
relating to occupational safety and health at the
workplace.
3. Co-operation
where employers and employees must co-operate
to take care, nurture and to increase the quality
of occupational safety and health at the
workplace.
Without co-operation between employers and
employees, none of the occupational safety and
health programmes carried out would succeed.
Introduction to OSHA
1994
Manufacturing;
Mining and Quarrying;
Construction;
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing;
Utilities such as Electricity, Gas, Water and sanitary
Services;
Transport, Storage and Communication;
Wholesale and Retail Trades;
Hotels and Restaurants;
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services
Public Services and Statutory Authorities
NOTE:
Not applicable to work on board ships
governed by the Merchant Shipping
Ordinance 1952, the Merchant Shipping
Ordinance 1960 of Sabah and Sarawak
Not applicable to armed forces
This Law is in addition to previous law
pertaining to occupational safety and
health. If there is any conflict, this Law
shall supersede the previous law.
FMA 1967
OSHA 1994
Approa
ch
Prescriptive
Too dependent on
government
Concern for inspection by
regulation authorities
Self regulation
Supported by code of
practices, guidelines etc.
Tripartite responsibility
Worker cooperation &
participation
Objecti
ve
Focus on control of
factories & machineries
Registration & inspection
of machines
Less provision for health
Scope
Occupational Safety
and Health Act, 1994
Factory and Machinery
Act, 1967
Petroleum (Safety
Measures) Act 1984
Environmental Quality
Act 1974
Laws of Malaysia
Act 514
OSHA 1994
Guidelines
Code of practice
Act 514
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
Examples of Guideline
Section 16 Duty to
formulate S&H Policy
Laws of Malaysia
Act 139
6 Parts
59 Sections
3 Schedules
List of Amendments
Effective date: 1st July 1974
Contents
Part I Preliminary
Part II Safety, Health and Welfare
Part III Person In Charge and Certificate of
Competency
Part IV Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence and Dangerous Diseases
Part V Notice of Occupation of Factory,
and Registration and Use of Machinery
Part VI - General
Parts
Laws of Malaysia
Act 302
Petroleum (Safety
Measures) Act 1984
11 Parts
48 Sections
1 Schedule
List of Amendments
Effective date: 1st March 1985
Contents
Part I Preliminary
Part II Transportation of Petroleum by
Road and Railway
Part III Transportation of Petroleum by
Water
Part IV Transportation of Petroleum by
Air
Part V Transportation of Petroleum by
Pipelines
Parts
Parts
www.dosh.gov.my
Exploration Activities
Project Development
Inspection and Maintenance of
Production Facilities
Production Operations
Management of Health, Safety &
Environment
Platform Abandonment
Video Session