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Objectives
Etiology
~85 % of low back pain is mechanical
Despite the many possible causes,
making a specific diagnosis is usually
impossible (~85% of the time)
AHCPR publication 95-0643
Deyo RA et al JAMA 268:760, 1992
Deyo RA et al NEJM 344:363, 2001
Atlas JA et al J Gen Intern Med 16:120, 2001
DIAGNOSE TRIAGE
Mechanical NSLBP
pain is worsened with movement
pain is improved with rest
Kathryn Refshauge
Kathryn Refshauge
13
Red Flags
(contd)
Yellow flags
Kathryn Refshauge
15
Yellow flags
(contd)
Kathryn Refshauge
16
Mixed Pain
Pain with
neuropathic and
nociceptive
components
Examples
Postherpetic neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia
Painful diabetic neuropathy
Central poststroke pain
Examples
Chronic low back pain
Postsurgical pain
Cancer pain
Carpal tunnel
syndrome
Common descriptors6
Burning
Tingling
Hypersensitivity to touch or cold
1-4
Nociceptive Pain
Pain that arises from actual or
threatened damage to non-neural
tissue and is due to the activation
of nociceptors5
Examples
Pain due to inflammation
Limb pain after a fracture
Joint pain in osteoarthritis
Postoperative visceral pain
Common descriptors6
Aching
Sharp
Throbbing
1. Morlion B. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:11-33; 2. Freynhagen R, Baron R. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2009;13:185-190; 3.
Khoromi S, et al. Pain 2007;130:66-75; 4. Siddall PJ, et al. Neurology 2006;67:1792-1800; 5. International Association
17
for the Study of Pain. IASP Pain Terminology; 6. Raja et al. in Wall PD, Melzack R (Eds). Textbook of Pain. 4th Ed.
Pemeriksaan pada
Pasien Nyeri Pinggang
Kelompok Studi Nyeri Pinggang Indonesia
(Indonesian Study Group on Low Back Pain)
rtransversarii
Multifidus
Longissimus
cervicis
Spinalis
cervicis
Iliocostalis
thoracis
Iliocostalis
lumborum
Spinalis
thoracis
Longissimus
Riwayat
Onset nyeri (tiap hari, aktifitas)
Lokasi nyeri (tempat spesifik, nyeri menjalar)
Tipe dan karakter nyeri (tajam, kemeng)
Faktor-faktor yang memperberat dan memperingan
Riwayat medis, termasuk trauma sebelumnya
Stresor psikososial di rumah atau tempat kerja
Red flag
Saraf Skiatik
-Ischial tuberosity
-Trochanter
-Sciatic groove
Eversi medial
L5
S1
Eversi lateral
Fungsi Sensorik
L4
L5
S1
Ekstensi
Fleksi
Rotasi
Miring
Pemeriksaan SLR
Salah
Benar
Benar
Mengemudi
Salah
Berdiri
Benar
Benar
Duduk
Benar
Tidur
Salah
Salah
Salah
Memasukkan/mengeluarkan
barang dalam mobil
Benar
Bekerja
Salah
Salah
Membawa barang
didepan tubuh
Benar
Benar
Salah
Salah
Membawa barang
di punggung
MATUR SUKSMA