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Transformer
A transformer is a static machine used
for transforming power from one circuit
to another without changing frequency.

Transformer operates on ac supply.

Transformer works on the principle of
mutual induction.

Types of Transformer
1. Step Up Transformer & Step Down
Transformer
2. Three Phase Transformer & Single
Phase Transformer
3. Distribution Transformer & Instrument
Transformer

Current Transformer
C.Tis a type of instrument
transformer that is designed to
produce an alternating current in
its secondary winding which is
proportional to the current being
measured in its primary.
The output of CT is 1 or 5 amps
depending
upon
the
relays
connected to it.

Potential Transformer
Potential
transformer
transformer

or

voltage

Used in electrical power system for

stepping down the system voltage to a
safe value which can be fed to low
ratings meters and relays.
The secondary voltage of the PT is
generally 110 V

Bus-Bar
An electrical bus bar a conductor or a group of
conductor used for collecting electrical energy
from the incoming feeders and distributes them
to the outgoing feeders.

When the fault occurs in any section of the

bus bar, all the circuit equipment connected to
that section must be tripped to give complete
isolation in the shortest possible time.

Electrical Isolators
Electrical
isolators
work
by
separating part of the electrical
power from a system for safety
during maintenance works.

This is usually done by an off-load

condition.

Types of Electrical
Isolators
There are
different types of
isolators available depending upon
system requirement such as

1. Single Break Isolator

2. Double Break Isolator
3. Pantograph type Isolator

Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated
electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short
circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and,
by interrupting continuity (mean On Load
Condition), to immediately discontinue electrical
flow.
A circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation.

According to mechanism
of operation
1. Spring operated circuit breaker
2. Hydraulic circuit breaker
3. Pneumatic circuit breaker

Types according to the

medium of installation
1.
2.
3.
4.

Oil Circuit Breaker

Air Blast Circuit Breaker
SF6 Circuit Breaker
Vacuum Circuit Breaker

According to the
voltage
1. Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
2. Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers
3. High Voltage Circuit Breakers

Relays

Relays are switches that open and close

circuits electromechanically or electronically.

Relays control one electrical circuit by opening

and closing contacts in another circuit.

As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact

is normally open (NO), there is an open
contact when the relay is not energized.

When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is

a closed contact when the relay is not energized.

In either case, applying electrical current to the

contacts will change their state.

Shunt Reactors
A shunt reactor is an absorber of
reactive power, thus increasing
theenergy efficiency of the system.

It isthe most compactdevice

commonly used for reactive power
compensation in long high-voltage
transmission lines and in cable systems.

The shunt reactor can be directly connected to the

power line or to a tertiary winding of a three-winding
transformer.

The shunt reactor could be permanently connected or

switched via a circuit breaker

Wave trap
Wave Traps are used at substations using Power Line Carrier
Communication (PLCC).
PLCC is used to transmit
communication and control
information at a high frequency
over the power lines.
This reduces need for a separate
infra for communication between

 The Wave Traps extract the high frequency

information from the power lines and route
it to the telecommunication panels.
They also block any surges from passing
through.
Wave Traps are simply resonant circuits
that produce a high impedance against
PLCC carrier frequencies (24kHz - 500kHz)
while allowing power frequency (50Hz 60Hz).

Lightning arrester
A lightning arrester is a device used on electric
power systems and telecommunications systems
to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning.

The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage

terminal
and
a
ground
terminal.

When a lightning surge (or switching surge,

which is very similar) travels along the power line
to the arrester, the current from the surge is
diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to
earth.

Unit Auxiliary
Transformers (UAT)
The Unit Auxiliary Transformer is the power
transformer that provides power to the auxiliary
equipment of a power grid station during its
normal operation.

This transformer is connected directly to the generator out-put by a

tap-off of the isolated phase bus

Its input come from the tertiary winding from grid and output is
phase to neutral voltage i.e. 220v

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