Sterovic Srdjan

English
Presentation

Brain Diseases

Some brain diseases, such as

multiple sclerosis and Parkinson
disease, are progressive,
becoming worse over time.
Multiple sclerosis damages the
myelin sheath around axons in the
brain and spinal cord.
Parkinson disease destroys the
cells of the substantia nigra in the
midbrain, resulting in a deficiency
in the neurotransmitter dopamine
that affects motor functions.

Brain Diseases

Cerebral palsy is a broad term for

brain damage sustained close to birth
that permanently affects motor
function.
The damage may take place either in
the developing fetus, during birth, or
just after birth and is the result of the
faulty development or breaking down
of motor pathways.
Cerebral palsy is non progressive
that is, it does not worsen with time.

Brain Diseases

A bacterial infection in the cerebrum

(Encephalitis) or in the coverings of
the brain (Meningitis), swelling of the
brain (Edema), or an abnormal
growth of healthy brain tissue
(Tumor) can all cause an increase in
intracranial pressure and result in
serious damage to the brain.

Brain Diseases

Scientists are finding that certain

brain chemical imbalances are
associated with mental disorders
such as schizophrenia and
depression.
Such findings have changed
scientific understanding of mental
health and have resulted in new
treatments that chemically correct
these imbalances.

Brain Diseases

During childhood development, the

brain is particularly susceptible to
damage because of the rapid growth
and reorganization of nerve
connections.
Problems that originate in the
immature brain can appear as
epilepsy or other brain-function
problems in adulthood.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

INTRODUCTION

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), chronic,

unpredictable, and often progressive
disease of the central nervous
system that attacks and destroys
tissues in the brain and spinal cord.
There are several forms of MS, but
all forms affect nerve function,
resulting in problems ranging from
mild numbness and difficulty walking
to paralysis and blindness

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

INTRODUCTION

MS can occur at almost any age, the

disease usually strikes people who
are between the ages of 20 and 40.

MS is more common in Caucasians,

women, and people living in
temperate, rather than tropical,
climates.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

INTRODUCTION

2.5 million people in the world have

MS
approximately 250,000 to 350,000
people in the United States have the
disease

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

CAUSES

The cause of MS is unknown

genetics, an infectious agent, a faulty
immune system, or a combination of
these factors appears to play a role
in why a person contracts the
disease.
studies of identical twins imply that a
genetic predisposition is not the sole
cause.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

CAUSES

Studies have shown that MS is more

prevalent in people who spend their
first 15 years of life in a temperate
climate than in those who live their
first 15 years in a tropical climate.
Studies suggest that MS is an
autoimmune disease, in which the
immune system attacks the bodys
own tissue.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

SYMPTOMS AND COURSE

The symptoms of MS are different for

everyone and vary widely in severity
and duration.
Symptoms include :
Weakness
Tingling
numbness
fatigue

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

SYMPTOMS AND COURSE

incoordination
balance and vision problems
tremors
muscle stiffness known as spasticity
slurred speech
depression
bowel or bladder problems
sexual dysfunction

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

SYMPTOMS AND COURSE

problems with memory or reasoning

and partial or complete paralysis.
Often MS begins with a single subtle
symptom, such as blurred vision or
leg tingling.
While some people experience a
course that does not significantly alter
their lifestyles, others experience
severe symptoms that may rob them
of physical and mental abilities, their
livelihoods, and their independence

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

DIAGNOSIS

MS can be difficult to diagnose, as

no single laboratory test clearly
identifies the disease. It is primarily
diagnosed by reviewing a persons
medical history and giving a
neurological exam that tests for
abnormal reflexes, muscle weakness
or incoordination, alterations of
sensation, damage to the optic
nerve, and other signs of brain or
spinal cord damage.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

DIAGNOSIS

Several tests can help confirm the

diagnosis like:
Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) can reveal characteristic
patches, or lesions, in the brain where
inflammation is occurring or has
occurred.
Spinal tap, sometimes used to
examine the spinal fluid for elevated
levels of certain immune-system
proteins that are present in up to 90
percent of people with MS.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

TREATMENT

There is currently no cure for MS, but

drugs are available that can slow the
course of the disease.
Synthetic forms of interferon (a
natural immune chemical that
regulates immune responses)
reduce the frequency and severity of
relapses and slow the accumulation
of disability over time

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

TREATMENT

There are also treatments for

specific symptoms, including
corticosteroids (often taken
intravenously), that can shorten the
duration of an MS attack. Several
drugs can relieve spasticity, fatigue,
and bladder problems.
Physical therapy and exercise can
help strengthen weakened muscles
and improve coordination.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

TREATMENT

Occupational therapy can improve

daily living skills by teaching people
with MS how to function with reduced
motility, and speech therapy can help
with speaking and swallowing
difficulties.

Parkinson Disease
INTRODUCTION

disorder of the nervous system that

affects muscle control
Marked by trembling of the arms
and legs
muscular rigidity
poor balance
slowly progressive, worsening over
time.

Parkinson Disease
INTRODUCTION

problems with walking or talking and

difficulty thinking
Parkinson disease occurs in people
all over the world, with the incidence
in men slightly higher than in women.

Parkinson Disease
INTRODUCTION

The disease is named for British

physician James Parkinson, who first
described it in 1817
In a report describing six patients,
Parkinson called the disorder
paralysis agitans, Latin words that
mean shaking palsy.

Parkinson Disease
CAUSES

Parkinson disease develops as a

part of the brain known as the
substantia nigra degenerates.
The substantia nigra is located in the
midbrain, halfway between the
cerebral cortex and the spinal cord.
In healthy people, the substantia
nigra contains certain nerve cells,
called nigral cells, that produce the
chemical dopamine.

Parkinson Disease
CAUSES

In the striatum, dopamine activates

nerve cells that coordinate normal
muscle activity.
In people with Parkinson disease,
nigral cells die at an accelerated
rate, and the loss of these cells
reduces the supply of dopamine to
the striatum.
Without adequate dopamine, nerve
cells of the striatum activate
improperly, impairing a persons
ability to control movement.

Parkinson Disease
CAUSES

Studies suggest that genetic makeup

may place a person at higher risk for
developing Parkinson disease.
Fifteen percent of people with
Parkinson disease have one or more
family members who also have the
disease.
Given the obvious symptoms
associated with Parkinson disease,
such as tremor and imbalance, it is
odd that the first description of the
disease did not appear until 1817.

Parkinson Disease
CAUSES

Some researchers propose that the

disease may have been uncommon
before the Industrial Revolution, the
period starting in the 18th century
when machinery began replacing
manual labor.
Some research on Parkinson
disease focuses on the role of free
radicals, potentially damaging
molecules produced in cells as part
of normal cell activity or in response
to injury.

Parkinson Disease
SYMPTOMS

Parkinson disease most notably

affects motor control (muscle
activity).
affect their intellect
ability to reason,
depression
anxiety.

Parkinson Disease
TREATMENT

There is no known cure for

Parkinson disease that is, no
treatment that prevents the disease
from progressing.
But the symptoms of the disease can
be controlled by various drugs and,
in some cases, by surgery.

Parkinson Disease
Drug Therapy

The most effective antiparkinson

drug available is levodopa
(Laradopa),
Dopamine agonists mimic the action
of dopamine by activating nerve cells
in the striatum.
Dopamine agonists include
pergolide (Permax),
paramipexole (Mirapex),
ropinerole (Requip).
The drug amantadine (Symmetrel),

Parkinson Disease
Surgical Treatment

In the 1950s and 1960s, brain

surgery was a common method for
treating tremor and rigidity in
Parkinson patients, even though the
success rate of surgery varied and
life-threatening complications often
developed. But surgery fell out of
favor with the introduction in 1967 of
levodopa, a safer and more effective
treatment alternative.

Cerebral Palsy
INTRODUCTION
range of neuromuscular disorders
caused by injury to an infant's brain
sustained during late pregnancy,
birth, or any time during the first two
years of life
People with cerebral palsy have a
wide range of difficulties, from a
clumsy walk to an inability to speak
or swallow, caused by faulty
messages sent from the brain to the
muscles.

Cerebral Palsy
INTRODUCTION

In the mid-1800s, William Little, an

English physician, first described
cerebral palsy in connection with
birth injuries
Each year in the United States about
10,000 babies develop cerebral
palsy

Cerebral Palsy
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Injury to the brain in individuals with

cerebral palsy is permanent, and full
recovery is not possible.
Damaged brain tissue does not
regenerate
Many causes of cerebral palsy are
preventable, especially those that
occur at or after birth. Good prenatal
care has been shown to minimize
the likelihood of premature birth

BRAIN IMAGING

Brain Activity During Sleep

THE END
Great

thanks to
BlackMen
Community and
fighters for their
rights. And to my
Cimer who is white.

Aplauz