JET PROPULSION AND ROCKET

ENGINES

MODULE - 5

PROPULSION
PROPULSION : PROPEL meaning to move forward.
Jet propulsion : A stream of fluid forced out to
produce a thrust which helps it to move forward.
Principle : The reaction principle(newtons laws)
states that every force vector is opposed by a
equivalent vector in the opposite side.

RAM JET ENGINES

It is based on the barytone cycle.
A ramjet engine - the simplest air craft engine.
Engine components :
Inlet or Diffuser
Combuster or Burner
Nozzle
The ramjet engine produces thrust by increasing the momentum of
the working fluid by induction of energy by combustion of fuel,so
that the momentum of the exhaust jet is very high.

 The inlet reduces the velocity of air in order to

reduce the magnitude when compared to the jet
exhaust.
In the combustion chamber the fuel is added and its
energy is converted into chemical energy.(nearly
constant pressure process)
The nozzle finally expands the air to the ambient
pressure and temperature drops down thereby
increasing the kinetic energy per unit mass.

PULSE JET ENGINE

In a pulse jet engine a mechanical valve arrangement is used to
prevent the hot gases of combustion from flowing out through the
diffuser in the pulse jet engine.
Based on the constant pressure heat addition (Brayton) cycle.
Various stages in a pulse jet engine:
Ignition
Combustion
Intake
Compression

 STAGE 1:The fuel and air mixture is ignited as a

result , a fireball is produces inside the engine
corresponding to variation in the internal pressure
and temperature since valves are held together ,
there is no other place to go but through the length
of the tube.

 STAGE 2 :The gasses burn completely and expand in

a phase called combustion phase.
During this phase,the gasses expand and move down
the tail pipe.

 STAGE 3 :As gasses are elastic, the gasses burn out

completely and the pressure inside the engine drops
below the pressure outside.
This creates a partial vacuum which further pulls the
gasses in for combustion.

 STAGE 4 :Due to the partial vacuum produced some

of the hot gasses are sucked back and the frsh air
adds to the next combustion

TEXT

TURBO JET ENGINES

Works on barytons cycle.
ENGINE COMPONENTS:
Diffuser
Compressor
Combustion chamber
Turbine
Nozzle

DIFFERENT PROCESSES IN A TURBOJET

CYCLE
a-1: Air from far upstream is brought to the air intake
(diffuser) with some acceleration/deceleration.

1-2: Air is decelerated as is passes through the

diffuser.
2-3: Air is compressed in a compressor (axial or
centrifugal)
3-4 The air is heated using a combustion
chamber/burner

 4-5: The air is expanded in a turbine to obtain power

to drive the compressor
5-6: The air may or may not be further heated in an
afterburner by adding further fuel
6-7: The air is accelerated and exhausted through
the nozzle.

BURNER-TURBINE
GENERATES A
HIGH PRESSURE
AND
TEMPERATURE AT
ITS EXIT,THE GAS
IS EXPANDED

TURBO FAN ENGINE

It is a type of air breathing jet engine that is widely
used in aircraft propulsion.
The propulsive efficiency of a turbo jet engine can be
improved by extracting a portion of the energy from
the engines gas generator to drive a ducted
propeller.
the fan increases the propellent mass flow rate with
accompanying decrease in the required propellant
exit velocity for a given thrust.

TURBO-PROP ENGINES
Turboprop engines generate a substantial shaft
power in addition to nozzle thrust.
Turboprops may also have a thrust component due to
the jet exhaust in addition to the propeller thrust.

ROCKET
ENGINES

ROCKET ENGINES

It is a type of jet engine which uses stored rocket

propellant mass for which speed propulsion jet.
Rocket engines are reaction engines.(Newtions third
law)
Vehicles propelled by rocket engines are called as
rockets .

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
propellants usually consists of fuel and oxidiser.
Nozzle uses heat energy released by expansion of
the gas to accelerate the exhaust to high speed.
The reaction to this pushes the engine in opposite
direction.

ROCKET
PROPELLANT
It is mass that is stored in
some form of propellant tank
prior to being ejected from a
rocket engine in the form of
fluid jet to produce thrust

NOZZLE

The hot gas produced in

the combustion chamber is
permitted to escape
through an opening . this
opening is called NOZZLE.

SOLID PROPELLANTS
Solid propellants consists ood a fuel and oxidation
that are pre mixed in a solid form.
Once the solid fuel is ignited,the resulting thrust
cannot be turned off or regulated.
This fuel system is simpler,safer and cheaper.
Less efficient.

LIQUID PROPELLANTS
Liquid propellant rockets consists of a fuel and
oxygen in liquid state.They are combined in
combustion chamber and ignited.
Fuel flow to the engine as well as the thrust produced
can be regulated