THE GREENSBORO MOVEMENTS:

1960-1995
BELOVED COMMUNITY CENTER OF GREENSBORO
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA
belovedcommunitycenter.org
MMXIV

ERA OF SIT-INS
1960-63
LUNCH COUNTER SIT-INS (1960)
F.W. Woolworth
S. H. KRESS
WALGREEN DRUGS
MEYERS TEAROOM

MOVIE THEATERS (1961)

NATIONAL THEATER
CENTER THEATER
CAROLINA THEATER
CINEMA THEATER

OTHER PUBLIC ACCOMODATIONS (1962-63)

RESTAURANTS
S&W CAFETERIA
MAYFAIR CAFETERIA
MOVIE THEATERS

FEBRUARY ONE MOVEMENT

FEBRUARY 1, 1960 JULY 26, 1960
Four college freshmen Ezell Blair, Jr.(Jibreel Khazan), Joseph McNeil, Franklin
McCain, Sr. and David Richmond at NC A & T College sparked a national movement
against segregated lunch facilities by staging a Sit-In at F. W. Woolworth lunch counter
in Greensboro, NC, that spread to nearby S. H. Kress several days later. The A & T
Four, subsequently, were joined primarily by other N C A & T, Bennett College and
James B. Dudley High School students. On April 21 1960, 45 students (13 Bennett
College and 32 NC A & T students) were arrested for trespassing at the lunch counters
at Woolworth and S. H. Kress. In the spring of 1960, Dudley High School students,
under the leadership of William Bill Thomas, took charge of the demonstrations as
the college students left school for their summer vacations and added Walgreen Drug
Store and Meyers Department Store Tearoom to the demonstrations. Demonstrations
ended in Greensboro in July 25, 1960 when F. W. Woolworth agreed to desegregate its
lunch counters. Two days later Guilford Dairy Bars opened their lunch counters to all
patrons. The Sit-In movement spawned the formation of the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC) on April 15, 1960 at a meeting of students called by
Mrs. Ella Baker (a former NAACP organizer and a SCLC staffer) and attended by Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. at Shaw University, Raleigh, North Carolina.

A & T Four February 1, 1960

News & Record

February 1960
A & T Register

S.H. Kress Picketing April 1960

News & Record

The Greensboro Champion April 23, 1960

Student Arrests - April 21, 1960

News & Record

Movie Theater Picket Line January 16, 1961

News & Record

MASS DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST SEGREGATED

FACILITIES
April 1962 June 1963
In the spring of 1962, CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) began its Freedom
Highway Project targeting Howard Johnson restaurants and Hot Shoppe
restaurants along the eastern seaboard. The Hot Shoppe on Summit Ave in
Greensboro was one of those facilities. This activity led to the formation of
a Greensboro CORE Chapter in the summer of 1962 and the election of
William Bill Thomas as its chairman. Demonstrations against public
facilities (restaurants, cafeterias, McDonalds, movie theaters and lodgings)
began in earnest when the college students (mainly A&T and Bennett)
returned to school in the fall. They were joined by Dudley High students
and Lincoln Jr. High students. Unlike the February One Movement, this
movement was broad based and inter-generational with CORE (mostly
students) taking the lead in organizing demonstrations. The first arrest of
A&T and Bennett students (60) was Thanksgiving Day, 1962. This period
produced the largest mass demonstrations and mass arrest in the South.
Mass arrest as a result of civil disobedience (sitting down in the street at the
intersection of Market and Elm Streets Jefferson Square) on June 6, 1963
ended demonstrations against public facilities in Greensboro.

CORE Picket Line Early Spring 1963

Paul Murdock Studio

Jesse Jackson Arrest at Episcopal Church of the Redeemer June 6, 1963

News & Record

Mass Arrest at Jefferson Square June 6, 1963

News & Record

1963 Summer Voter Education and Registration Project Greensboro

Richard Dick Ramsay

1963 Voter Education and Registration Project Greensboro

Richard Dick Ramsay

1963 Voter Education and Registration Project Warren County, NC

Richard Dick Ramsay

1965-1970
BLACK POWER MOVEMENT
PAN-AFRICANISM

1969 DUDLEY HIGH SCHOOL /A&T REVOLT

In May of 1969 , Claude Barnes a student leader at the all Black Dudley High
School was denied the right to run for President of the Student Government
Association. Student write-in were denied and after exhaustive attempts by the
community to resolve the issues the students stage a walk out. Students were tear
gassed ,beaten and arrested by the police. The Dudley students marched to
NCA&T to seek assistance from A&T students leadership. A&T students returned
to the high school with the Dudley students in support of their efforts. Vigilantes
from the community began firing shoots into the A&T campus and was met with
resistance from students who were Vietnam Veterans who decided to defend the
campus. The campus was surrounded by the Greensboro Police and the National
Guard. Student , Willie Ernest Grimes was killed by external gun fire. A curfew
was order by the mayor and a military assault was conducted by the National
Guard on the A&T campus.

Youth United for Blackness(YUBS)

Dudley High School Greensboro, NC

Claude Barnes, Jr.

Dudley High School Student - 1969

Student Pickets
Dudley High School - 1969

Nelson Johnson and Vincent McCulloch

SGA Leaders, NCAT - 1969

Howard Fuller, Executive Field Organizer for the

Foundation for Community Development and later the
Executive Director of Malcom X Liberation University
delivers the first Black Power Speech in North
Carolina

LABOR STRUGGLES

NOVEMBER 3, 1979 KLAN-NAZI MASSACRE

On November 3, 1979 Klansmen and Nazis killed five labor
organizers and wounded 10 others at a legally permitted
parade forming in the Morningside Homes Community - a
predominately Black Community . To examine the context,
causes, sequence and consequence of the events of November
3, 1978 the Greensboro Truth and Community
Reconciliation Project was established in 2002. The work of
the project led to the formation of the Greensboro Truth and
Reconciliation Commission the first Truth Commission in
the United States of America. The commission reported its
finding to the Greensboro community in its Final Report
on May 25, 2006.

ECONOMIC JUSTICE THE KMART LABOR STRUGGLE

1995