OEA000040 LTE System Overview ISSUE 1.01 Bolivia

LTE System Overview
Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
www.huawei.com
Contents
1. Network Architecture
2. Air Interface Principles
3. eNodeB Product Overview
Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1 Network Architecture
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
1.2 EPS Architecture
1.3 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure
Evolution of Cellular Networks
AMPS
Advanced Mobile
Telephone System
TACS
Total Access
Communications
System
ETACS
Extended Total Access
Communication System
GSM
Global System for Mobile
communications
CDMA One (IS-95)
UMTS
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
Code Division Multiple

Access Based on IS-95
DAMPS IS-136)
CDMA2000
Digital - Advanced Mobile

Phone System Based on
IS-136
Other
LTE
Advanced
WiMAX
UMB
EV-DO Rev C
WiMAX
802.16m
3GPP Evolution : Before LTE
3GPP Evolution : From LTE to LTE-A/B/C

Performance
LTE-C
(Optimized diverse
service support)
LTE-B
LTE-A
LTE
(4G certif.,
1Gpbs DL Peak .)
R10/11
OFDMA, MIMO
Small Cell
CA, CoMP
HO MIMO,
eICIC
HomoNet
HetNet
2005~2007
R14/15
R12/13
Fundamental
R8/9
(Capacity
Boosting)
2008~2012
10xSmall Cell
Per Macro,
256QAM
50xSmall Cell
Per Macro,
Fusion-Net
2013~2016
2017~2020
3GPP
Time
LTE Technical Objectives

LTE Requirements from ITU
Flexible bandwidth
Higher spectrum efficiency
LTE Technical Features from 3GPP

1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz, 20MHz
DL: 5(bit/s)/Hz, 3~4 times than R6HSDPA
UL: 2.5(bit/s)/Hz, 2~3 times than R6HSDPA
Higher peak throughput (@20MHz)

DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps
DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps
Control plane:< 100ms, User plane:
Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms
< 10ms
Shall support
Shall support high speed vehicular(>350km/h)
stationary/pedestrian/vehicular/high
for 100kbps access service.
speed vehicular
Support interoperability between 3GPP existed
Support inter-system handover
and non-3GPP
Remove CS domain, CS service realized in PS
VoIP Capacity
domain which can support multiple service,
especially voice service (such as VoIP).
Decrease network evolution cost
Remove BSC/RNC
Reduce CAPEX and OPEX
SON
3GPP creates a new generation of wireless communication systems,

with wireless access capabilities beyond existing network, fully
support high-performance data services, and leading the next 10
years.
Contents

EPS Network Architecture
In the evolution of core network, packet domain of core network also evolves
forward to SAE(System Architecture Evolution), also usually called EPC(Evolved
Packet Core).
EPC is based on packet domain, and does not support circuit domain an
y longer.
EPS
CS CN
PS CN
GERAN
/UTRAN
S1-C
X2
EPC
LTE
SAE
PCRF
S6a
Uu
E-UTRAN
User Plane
HSS
MME
S1-C
Rx
S11
S1-U
Gx
S5
SGi
S1-U
UE
E-UTRAN
EPC
SGW
Control Plane
PDN-GW
Operators
IP Service
EPS Network Architecture

--2G/3G Co-existence
Gb
GERAN
SGSN
Iu
S12
S1-C
PCRF
SWx
S3
UTRAN
HSS
S4
S6a
Gxa
Gxc
MME
S11
Rx
Gxb
Gx
S5
SGi Operators
S1-U
IP Service
E-UTRAN
SGW
S2a
SWn
Trusted non
3GPP IP Access
Un-trusted non
3GPP IP AccessSTa
S2b
PDN-GW
S6b
SWa
ePDG
3GPP-AAA
UE Related Information
UE(User Equipment) identities
IMSI :International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMEI :International Mobile Equipment Identity
GUTI :Globally Unique Temporary Identity
S-TMSI :SAE - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP address: address in either IPV4 or IPV6
UE Categories and capabilities

Maximum Throughput
UE Category
1
2
3
4
5
Downlink
Uplink
Support for 64QAM

in UL
10.3Mbit/s
51.0Mbit/s
102.0Mbit/s
150.8Mbit/s
302.8Mbit/s
5.2Mbit/s
25.5Mbit/s
51.0Mbit/s
51.0Mbit/s
75.4Mbit/s
No
No
No
No
Yes
Functions of eNodeB
eNodeB E-UTRAN Node

B important identities
TAI Track Area Identity
Consists of a group of neighbor cells

defined by operator.
There is no location update within

the area defined by TAI which is the
same with the RAI in 2G/3G.
EUTRAN CGI (Evolved UTRAN Cell

Global Identity)
ECGI=MCC +MNC + eNB Id + Cell Id
Functions of EPC Main Elements

MME
Serving Gateway
Mobility
Management
Session
Management
Authentication and
key management
NAS encryption
TA LIST
Management
P-GW/S-GW
Selection
Packet
forwarding and
routing
IP head compress
DL buffering
Legal
interception
PDN Gateway
Packet
forwarding and
routing
Non-3GPP
access anchor
UE IP allocation
Contents
E-UTRAN Protocol StackUu Interface
Control Plane
User Plane
L3 & NAS
L2
L1
RRC_IDLE: A UE is in RRC_IDLE state when the UE does not have

an RRC connection.
RRC protocol layer

A UE has 2 RRC states.
DRX can be used for the UE to save the UE power.

The UE monitors the paging channel.
The UE measures the neighboring cell and reselects a cell.
The UE gets system information.
The UE updates TAU periodically.
RRC_CONNECTED: A UE is in RRC_CONNECTED state when one

RRC connection is established for the UE.
The UE transmits downlink and uplink data.
The UE manages the mobility.
The UE provides channel quality and feedback information.
The UE supports DRX configuration to save the UE power.
E-UTRAN Protocol StackS1 Interface
S1AP: The S1 Application Protocol is the application layer protocol between eNodeB and MME.
SCTP: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol, ensures the delivery of signaling messages
on the S1 interface between the MME and the eNodeB.
GTP-U: The GPRS Tunneling Protocol, used in user plane for user data transmission between
the eNdoeB and S-GW.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol, used for the user data transmission.
The data link layer can use transport layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.
Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 19
E-UTRAN Protocol StackX2 Interface

Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
X2-AP
User Plane
User Plane
PDUs
Transport Network
User Plane
GTP-U
SCTP
IP (IPv6 and/or IPv4)
Data link layer
Physical layer
UDP
IP (IPv6 and/or IPv4)
Data link layer
Physical layer
The X2 interface is also divided into the user plane (X2-U) and control plane (X2-C). The X2U interface is required to be the same as the S1-U, and the X2-C is required to be the same
as S1-C.
Questions
Which release of the 3GPP specifications includes the initial

release of LTE?
a. Release 6.
b. Release 7.
c. Release 8.
d. Release 9.
Questions
Which network elements form parts of the EPC?

a. UE.
b. eNB.
c. MME.
d. S-GW.
e. PDN-GW.
f. HSS.
Questions
Which interface links the eNB to the MME?

a. Uu.
b. S1.
c. X2
d. S5.
Contents
Contents
2 LTE Air Interface Principles
2.1 Principles of OFDM
2.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies
2.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN
2.4 LTE Frame Structure
2.5 LTE Physical Channel
2.6 Physical Procedures
2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output
Principles of OFDM
Division Multiplexing Overview
Division Multiplexing (DM)
Multiplexed data streams can be used for one or multiple UEs.

FDM:
Multiplex multiple data
streams in the
frequency domain
TDM:
Multiplex multiple
data streams in the
time domain
CDM:
Multiplex multiple
data streams in
the code domain
OFDM Overview
OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is essentially a FDM.
Multiple orthogonal frequencies are used to achieve data transmission o

n a greater bandwidth.
OFDM subcarriers are overlapping and orthogonal, greatly improving th
e spectral efficiency.
FDM
OFDM
IFFT Realization of OFDM
Modulation procedure of OFDM is realized by IFFT Inverse Fast Fourie

r Transform
N is the sampling period of symbol

for example sampling rate fs =1/Ts =N f
For bandwidth 20MHz, N=2048, f 15kHz sampling rate 30.72MHz
Page 29
FFT Realization of OFDM
Similar to modulation procedure of OFDM, FFT process is used in the de

modulation procedure of OFDM
Page 30
Advantage 1 of OFDM: High Spectral Efficiency
Subcarriers in the OFDM system are overlapping and orthogonal, which g

reatly improves the spectral efficiency.
How does OFDM work?
IFFT on the OFDM transmitter side and FFT on the OFDM receiver side reduce
s system complexity, enabling OFDM to be widely used.
Why does OFDM not become a practical reality until the latest two decad
es?
The development of DSP chips turns OFDM to a practical reality.
Traditional FDM multicarrier modulation technology
Frequency
bandwidth resource saved

OFDM multicarrier modulation technology
Frequency
Advantage 2 of OFDM: Effectively Withstand

Multi-Path
Without the protection interval between symbols, multi path will produce
ISI.
ISI: Inter-symbol Interference, time domain
Attitude The previous symbolThe next symbol
The synchronously received

multi-delay- signaling of
previous symbol(dash line)
will affect the normal
signaling of the next
symbol(real line) in receiver,
which cause ISI in time
domain.
time
Solution: CP(Cyclic Prefix) that is the copy content of a OFDM symbol is adopted.
Cyclic Prefix
Advantage 3 of OFDM: Resistant to Frequency S

election Fading
If deep fading occurs in a frequency, modulate the UE to another
subcarrier.
Frequency selective fading
Deep fading
Frequency
allocation
Frequencies not used

by a UE or low MCS
Frequencies used by a UE
A (f)
Disadvantage 1 of OFDM: Vulnerable to Frequen

cy Offset
A (f)
Without offset
With offset
Solution: Use frequency synchronization to solve the frequency offset.
Disadvantage 2 of OFDM: High PAPR
OFDM systems can suffer from high PAPR (Peak to Average Power
Ratio), resulting from the great number of subcarriers in the same phase
overlapping in time domain, thus increasing the requirement to power
amplifier.
Time Domain
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.8
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
21
3
0.8
2.5
1.5
0.6
2
1
0.4
1.5
0.2
0.5
1
0
0
0.5
-0.2
0
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.5
-1
-0.8
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
00
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
Solution: Use high-performance PA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink.
OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
OFDM
is almost completely
resistant to multi-path
interference due to its long
enough symbol duration.
Higher
spectral efficiency
for wideband channels.

Flexible
spectrum
utilization.
Relatively
Disadvantages
Frequency
errors and phase
noise can cause issues.

Some
OFDM systems can
suffer from high PAPR.

Accurate
frequency and time
synchronization requirement.
Doppler shift impacts

subcarrier orthogonality.
simple
implementation by using
FFT and IFFT.
Contents
Multiple Access Technology: Distinguishing U

sers
FDMA
CDMA
TDMA
OFDMA
Comparison bwt DM and DMA

DS: Data Stream
U: User
DM:
Emphasize how
to reuse multiple
data, but no
matter whether
these data are
used by one or
several users
Multiplex data streams mapping to different users separately
DMA:
Emphasize
how to reuse
data from
multiple users
From FDM/FDMA to OFDM/OFDMA

f1
f2
f3
f4
Traditional FDM
Spectrum
High spectrum efficiency
LTE DL Multiple Access Technology OFDM

A
OFDMA defines the technology of orthogonal frequency division m

ultiple access.
OFDMA is essentially the combination of TDMA and FDMA.
System bandwidth
Subcarrier
TTI: 1 ms
Frequency
Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1
Time
Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers

LTE UL Multiple Access Technology

SC-FDMA
To reduce the limitation of the high PAPR on the PA, LTE uses single carri
er frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink.
Frequency bandwidth
Single carrier
TTI: 1 ms
Frequency
Time
Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers
OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept
The feature of SC-FDMA is that DFT, converting signaling from time domain to
frequency domain, is inserted before IDFT, transferring signaling from frequency
domain to time domain , so as to introduce some characters of single carrier which
decreases PAPR.
SC-FDMA Signal Generation
SC-FDMA and the eNB
Duplex Technologies:
Distinguishing UL/DL Signals
TDD: The uplink and downlink
use different slots.
Advantages: TDD is used for scenarios where

traffic is unbalanced. It allocates different amount
of time slots to the uplink and downlink, improving
the flexibility and spectral efficiency.
Disadvantages: TDD is complicated and requires
GPS synchronization and phase synchronization.
The interference between the DL and UL is
difficult to control.
Applications: LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX
FDD: The uplink and downlink

use different frequencies.
Advantages: FDD is easy to accomplish.

Disadvantages: Spectral efficiency is low,
when the uplink and downlink traffic
(primarily data services) is unbalanced.
Applications: LTE FDD, WCDMA,
CDMA2000
Contents
LTE Release 9 FDD/TDD Frequency Band

E-UTRA
Operating
Band
Downlink
FDL_low
[MHz]
NOffs-DL
Uplink
Rang of
NDL
FUL_low
[MHz]
NOffs-UL
Range of NUL
Duple
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
2110
1930
1805
2110
869
875
2620
925
1844.9
2110
1475.9
729
746
758
0
600
1200
1950
2400
2650
2750
3450
3800
4150
4750
5010
5180
5280
0 599
6001199
1200 1949
1950 2399
2400 2649
2650 2749
2750 3449
3450 3799
3800 4149
4150 4749
4750 4949
5010 5179
5180 5279
5280 5379
1920
1850
1710
1710
824
830
2500
880
1749.9
1710
1427.9
699
777
788
18000
18600
19200
19950
20400
20650
20750
21450
21800
22150
22750
23010
23180
23280
18000 18599
18600 19199
19200 19949
19950 20399
20400 20649
20650 20749
20750 21449
21450 21799
21800 22149
22150 22749
22750 22949
23010 23179
23180 23279
23280 23379
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
17
18
19
20
21
734
860
875
791
1495.9
5730
5850
6000
6150
6450
5730 5849
5850 5999
6000 6149
6150 - 6449
6450 6599
704
815
830
832
1447.9
23730
23850
24000
24150
24450
23730 23849
23850 23999
24000 24149
24150 - 24449
24450 24599
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
1900
2010
1850
1930
1910
2570
1880
2300
36000
36200
36350
36950
37550
37750
38250
38650
36000 36199
36200 36349
36350 36949
36950 37549
37550 37749
37750 38249
38250 38649
38650 39649
1900
2010
1850
1930
1910
2570
1880
2300
36000
36200
36350
36950
37550
37750
38250
38650
36000 36199
36200 36349
36350 36949
36950 37549
37550 37749
37750 38249
38250 38649
38650 39649
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
Protocol
36104
EARFCN Calculation
Example
Contents
LTE Frame Structure Type1-FDD
Radio frame: 10ms
Subframe: 1ms
Slot: 0.5ms
CP(Cyclic Prefix)
Extended CP is generally used in cells with extended coverage.
CP Classification and Scenario

Configuration
Normal
CP
Extended
CP
DL OFDM CP
Length of Ts
UL SC-FDMA CP
Length of Ts
160 for slot #0
160 for slot #0
144 for slot #1~#6
144 for slot #1~#6
f=15kHz
512 for slot #0~#5
512 for slot #0~#5
f=7.5kHz
1024 for slot #0~#2
NULL
f=15kHz
Sub-carrier
of each RB
12
Symbol of
each slot
7
6
24 (DL only)
Generally, Normal CP is configured.
For MBSFN, Extended CP is configured.
Extended CP may be configured for the cell with larger radius like wide coverage scenario.
3 (DL only)
LTE Physical Resource Concept
RE (Resource Element)
RB Resource Block
CCE(Control Channel Element)
TTI (Transmission Time Interval)
BWChannel [MHz]
1.4
10
15
20
RE Number/OFDM
symbol
72
180
300
600
900
1200
RBNumber/slot
15
25
50
75
100
Resource Grid Structure
Relationship between Channel BW and RB
For details, please refer to protocol 36.101

Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz]
1.4
10
15
20
Transmission bandwidth
configuration NRB
15
25
50
75
100
Definition of channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration for one E UTRA carrier
Contents
2.3 Carrier frequency and EARFCN
Location of LTE Physical Channels

Logical channels
indicate the type of
information transferred.
Transport channels
describe what typical
configuration the physical
layer uses to provide
transport services on the
air interface.
Radio channel
Physical channels
describe the physical
features of signals, such
as coding and
modulation.
Function Overview of Physical Channels
Physical channels are divided into uplink and downlink physical channels.
Downlink physical channels include:
PBCH: broadcasts system information.

PCFICH: indicates the number of symbols PDCCH resources occupy in the time dom
ain.
PHICH: indicates the demodulation status on the PUSCH (ACK/NACK).
PDCCH: indicates user scheduling information (uplink and downlink).
PDSCH: transmits user DL data.
Uplink physical channels include:
PRACH: transmits uplink random access preambles

PUSCH: transmits user UL data.
PUCCH: transmits information about downlink data demodulation performance (ACK/
NACK), channel quality measurement results and scheduling requests.
Mapping Relationship between Physical Cha

nnels and Other Channels
Application Overview of Physical Channels
Note: It is just a schematic figure, not defining the sequence.
Reference Signals
Reference signal is a special data sequence which is located at specific lo

cation (resource elements) in DL/UL frame which is supposed to be deco
ded by UE/eNodeB and taken as a signal for RSRP, RSRQ.
Cell Specific Reference Signals (non-MBSFN)
MBSFN Reference Signals(only for MBSFN)
UE Specific Reference Signals (It is typically used for

beamforming)
CRS
DL
RS
Demodulation Reference Signal

Used for channel estimation to help the demodulation of the DMR
S
control
UL
and data channels in the eNB.
Sounding Reference Signal
RS
Provides the eNB with uplink channel quality information(CQI)
SRS
which
can be used for scheduling.
Cell Specific Reference Signals
It is worth noting that the

position of the reference
signals is dependent on the
value of the Physical Cell ID.
R1 The RS of NO.1
antenna port
R2 The RS of NO.2
antenna port
R3 The RS of NO.3
antenna port
R4 The RS of NO.4
antenna port
Contents
2.6.1 Cell Selection
2.6.2 Random Access Procedure
LTE Cell Search Procedure
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and

Downlink Synchronization
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and Dow

nlink Synchronization
PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and Dow

nlink Synchronization
Broadcast Channel: PBCH and System Informat

ion
Acquisition
System information scheduling
MIB: The scheduling period is 40 ms. The MIB is resent every 10 ms at subframe 0.
SIB1: The scheduling period is 80 ms. The SIB1 is resent every 20 ms at subframe 5.
Other SIBs: The scheduling period depends on SIBx period(x=2,38) and the scheduling period is broad
cast in SIB1.
SIBs with the same scheduling period can be sent in the same SI. Each SI window can send only one SI.
SI can be resent for multiple times in the SI window to improve reliability.
20 ms
80 ms
MIB
SI1 period = 80 ms
SI2 period = 80 ms
SI3 period = 160 ms
SI Window = 20 ms
SIB1
SI1
SI2
SI3
SI1
SI2
Slot
Slot
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
PBCH
PSS
SSS
Contents of System Information
The first three

are key SIBs.
PLMN Selection
PLMN Selection Order

Stored in
UE
Set in
SIM
Set in UE
Set in
SIM
Suggested PLMN List in
SIM card:
PLMN + E-UTRAN
PLMN + UTRAN
PLMN + GSM
Last RPLMN
HPLMN
EHPLMN
PLMN
Select
When UE
Switch On
&
User
Controlled
PLMN
Selector
with Access Technology
Operator Controlled PLMN
Selector
with Access Technology
The Timer of
HPLMN
Reselection is
Saved in SIM
Card (no less 6
min)
The PLMN with signals of

high received quality
Other PLMN Based
Wireless Quality
On
Customized PLMN/Frequency List in SIM card, UE Prefers to Camp on LTE

Network
Cell Initial Selection
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Criteria for cell selection are based on Srxlev

and Squal
Srxlev > 0 and Squal > 0
Random Access Procedure Overview
Purpose:
A user accesses the network and acquires a UE ID used by the eNo

deB to identify the UE.
The UE is time-synchronized in the uplink.
Random Access Scenarios
Initial access
Handover between cells
The UE is out of synchronization in the uplink.
An error has occurred in the downlink and the UE re-establishes the l
ink.
Random Access Procedure
The UE
sends its
s-TMSI.
The UE identifies
whether it is chosen
basing on its own sTMSI.
The eNodeB
transmits the
s-TMSI to the UEs.
If two UEs send their
s-TMSIs simultaneously,
the eNodeB needs to
choose a UE to connect.
Uplink Syn. in Random Access Procedure
Uplink synchronization means the time when data reaches the eNodeB is the same as that when the eNodeB
receives it.Uplink time deviation exists because of transmission latency. The distances between the UEs and t
he eNodeB are different.
Resolutions:
Generally, the eNodeB obtains the timing information by detecting the uplink reference signal (periodic
SRS or DMRS) sent by the UE in the uplink.
The eNodeB transmits the TA (Time Alignment) to the UE on the PDSCH. In random access:
eNodeB obtains the uplink timing information by measuring preamble signals.
eNodeB sends the uplink timing information to the UE on the RA channel.
The eNodeB and UE maintain the same timer to update TA to ensure that the UE keeps uplink
synchronized when it is in the connected state.
Contents
Background of Multi-Antenna Technology
50 years ago, Shannon formula gives the maximum efficiency of time-frequency c

ommunication system.
C B log 2 1 bit / s
N
The spectrum efficiency of channel C is proportional to signal power and signal ba
ndwidth. However, with the increase in signal power and signal bandwidth, the sp
ectrum efficiency increases more slowly, so new technologies need to be introduc
ed in order to effectively improve the spectrum efficiency.
Therefore, MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology came into being.
The Classification of Multi-antenna Technology

Tx diversity
Multiplex
channels
transmit same
information
Diversit
y
combini
ng
Spatial multiplexing (sometimes

Multiplex
channels
transmit
different
information
Beamforming
Multiple
antenna array
beamforming
single signal
transmission
Including time diversity, space

diversity and frequency
diversity.
Improve reception reliability
and enhance coverage.
It is suitable to the scenario
which need to ensure
reliability
or coverage.
also
call MIMO)
Theoretically doubling the

MMSE or
peak rate.
serial
interferen Suitable for dense urban areas
with more signal scattering,
ce
not suitable for the case of
cancellatio
direct signal
n
Maximu
m ratio
combinin
g
Through accurate estimate of

the channel and form a beam,
reduce interference between
users
Improve coverage while
reducing intra-cell interference,
improve system throughput
MIMO Overview
MIMO is the key technology of LTE system, it relates to the use of

multiple antennas at both the transmitter (Multiple Input) and re
ceiver (Multiple Output).
Theoretically, the channel capacity can be increased linearly by t

he number of transmitter and receiver, so the channel capacity i
n MIMO mode is larger than in single antenna mode.
Date stream
MIMO channel
Radio Channel Access Mode
Traditional antenna
mode
Physical
channel
SISO
Receiving
antenna
Diversity transmitting
mode
Transmitting
antenna
Diversity receiving
mode
MISO
SIMO
MIMO
MIMO mode
SU-MIMO/MU-MIMO Introduction
After Precoding, the
two data streams
mixed in different
transmit antennas
with different
transmit power and
phase
Two
different
data
streams
Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page85
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
MIMO Adopted in Huawei eRAN6.0

Open-loop transmit diversity
DL 2x2 MIMO,
DL 4x2 MIMO
DL 4x4 MIMO
Closed-loop transmit diversity

Open-loop Spatial multiplex
Close-loop Spatial multiplex
UL 2x2 MU-MIMO UL
2x4 MU-MIMO
Spatial multiplex
Beamforming for TDD
Smart Antenna
The Advantage of MIMO
Array gain
Improve
Improves the
average SINR of the
combined signal,
and obtains the
performance
Diversity
gain gain
system
Reduce the fading

range of combined
signal and obtain
performance gain
Multiplexing
gain
Increase the
number of spatial
channel and obtain
throughput gain
Interference
cancellation gain
Obtain the gain
on interference
scenarios
coverage
Improve
system
capacity
Improve
spectru
m
efficienc
y
Improve peak
throughput
Questions
True / False. A cyclic prefix is used to combat multipath del

ays.
a. True.
b. False.
Questions
How many symbols are there in a slot when a normal CP is

used?
a. 5.
b. 6.
c. 7.
d. 8.
Questions
Which of the following are downlink transport channels?

a. BCH.
b. PCH.
c. RACH.
d. UL-SCH.
e. DL-SCH.
Contents
Contents
3 eNodeB Product Overview
3.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview
3.2 Operations and Maintenance
Versatile Site solutions for Diversified Deployment Scenarios

Indoor eNodeB
BTS3900
Distributed eNodeB
DBS3900
Outdoor
eNodeB
BTS 3900AL
Micro- eNodeB
BTS3202E
Outdoor eNodeB
BTS3900A
Indoor
eNodeB
BTS 3900L
RFU
All-in-one design.
RRU
Compact, light
Multimodal RRU
CDMA/WCDMA/LTE,
or
GSM/UMTS//LTE
BBU
Multimodal BBU
2U 19-in rack mount design
Simultaneous 2G/3G/4G
operation
weight. Support on
wall / on pole
installation.
Huawei SingleBTS Base Stations meet diversified MBB Site

Scenarios.
Three standardized modules shared by all eNodeB portfolio
BTS3900 LTE
DBS3900 LTE
Contents
3 eNB Product Overview
3.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview
3.2 Operations and Maintenance
Structure of Operation and Maintenan

ce System
Remote Maintenance
M2000
Client
Local Maintenance
LMT
eNodeB
M2000 Server
Functions of Operation and Maintenance

System
Configuration Management
Fault Management
Performance Management
Security Management
Software Management
Deployment Management
Equipment / Inventory Management
Questions
The BTS3900 LTE is comprised of which elements?

a. BBU3900.
b. RRU.
c. LRFU.
d. TMC11H.
Questions
Which of the following comprise an O&M function?

a. Configuration Management.
b. Performance Management.
c. RF Management.
d. Deployment Management.
e. Access Control Management..
Thank you
www.huawei.com

OEA000040 LTE System Overview ISSUE 1.01 Bolivia

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

OEA000040 LTE System Overview ISSUE 1.01 Bolivia

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

LTE System Overview

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evolution of Cellular Networks

CDMA One (IS-95)

Code Division Multiple

Digital - Advanced Mobile

3GPP Evolution : Before LTE

3GPP Evolution : From LTE to LTE-A/B/C

LTE Technical Objectives

LTE Technical Features from 3GPP

Higher peak throughput (@20MHz)

3GPP creates a new generation of wireless communication systems,

1.2 EPS Architecture

EPS Network Architecture

EPS Network Architecture

UE(User Equipment) identities

IMSI :International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMEI :International Mobile Equipment Identity

GUTI :Globally Unique Temporary Identity

S-TMSI :SAE - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

IP address: address in either IPV4 or IPV6

UE Categories and capabilities

Support for 64QAM

eNodeB E-UTRAN Node

TAI Track Area Identity

Consists of a group of neighbor cells

There is no location update within

EUTRAN CGI (Evolved UTRAN Cell

ECGI=MCC +MNC + eNB Id + Cell Id

Functions of EPC Main Elements

1.3 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure

E-UTRAN Protocol StackUu Interface

RRC_IDLE: A UE is in RRC_IDLE state when the UE does not have

RRC protocol layer

DRX can be used for the UE to save the UE power.

RRC_CONNECTED: A UE is in RRC_CONNECTED state when one

E-UTRAN Protocol StackS1 Interface

E-UTRAN Protocol StackX2 Interface

Which release of the 3GPP specifications includes the initial

Which network elements form parts of the EPC?

Which interface links the eNB to the MME?

Division Multiplexing Overview

Division Multiplexing (DM)

Multiplexed data streams can be used for one or multiple UEs.

OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is essentially a FDM.

Multiple orthogonal frequencies are used to achieve data transmission o

IFFT Realization of OFDM

Modulation procedure of OFDM is realized by IFFT Inverse Fast Fourie

N is the sampling period of symbol

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

FFT Realization of OFDM

Similar to modulation procedure of OFDM, FFT process is used in the de

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Advantage 1 of OFDM: High Spectral Efficiency

Subcarriers in the OFDM system are overlapping and orthogonal, which g

The development of DSP chips turns OFDM to a practical reality.

Traditional FDM multicarrier modulation technology

bandwidth resource saved

Advantage 2 of OFDM: Effectively Withstand

Attitude The previous symbolThe next symbol

The synchronously received

Advantage 3 of OFDM: Resistant to Frequency S

Frequency selective fading

Frequencies not used