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Review 1
Review Notes
Exam 1
Rev. 26-Sep-04 GB
R1-1
Definitions
Scalar:
Magnitude:
Vector:
Time:
t(scalar)
Position:
x (vector)
Displacement: x x x 0
Time interval: t t t 0
R1-2
Definitions (Continued)
Average or mean velocity is defined as follows:
v avg
x x 0 x
t t0
t
x
d
x
v lim
t 0 t
dt
R1-3
Definitions (Continued)
Average acceleration is defined as follows:
a avg
v v 0 v
t t 0 t
2
v d v d x
a lim
2
t 0 t
dt dt
R1-4
Class #1
Take-Away Concepts
1D Equations of Motion for Constant Acceleration
Basic Equations
1. v v 0 a t t 0
2.
x x 0 v 0 ( t t 0 ) 12 a ( t t 0 ) 2
Derived Equations
3.
4.
5.
x x 0 12 ( v 0 v)( t t 0 )
R1-5
SAME
SAME
R1-6
R1-7
X ball
0
v0 cos()
0
v0 cos()
d
?
Y ball
-g
v0 sin()
0
?
?
SAME
Y target
-g
0
h
?
Same as ball.
SAME
R1-8
X ball
0
v0 cos()
0
v0 cos()
d
d/[v0 cos()]
Y ball
-g
v0 sin()
0
(dont care)
?
SAME
Y target
-g
0
h
(dont care)
Same as ball.
SAME
R1-9
d
1
d
y f 0 v 0 sin()
g
v 0 cos() 2 v 0 cos()
1
d
yf h 0 g
2 v 0 cos()
Setting the two expressions equal, the g terms cancel and we are left with
d
h
sin()
h OR tan()
d
cos()
R1-10
Class #2
Take-Away Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
R1-11
R1-12
Free-Body Diagrams
1.
2.
3.
4.
Y
X
N
F
P
W = mg
R1-13
Example Problem in 1D
An Elevator Going Down
Consider an elevator moving downward and speeding
up with an acceleration of 2 m/s2. The mass of the
elevator is 100 kg. Ignore air resistance. What is the
tension in the elevator cable?
1.
2.
3.
Free-body diagram:
4.
5.
6.
Solve: T = W m a = m g m a = m (ga)
T = 100 (9.82) = 780 N.
X
T
W = mg
R1-14
R1-15
Class #3
Take-Away Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
R1-16
A Common Example:
Atwoods Machine
a
W = mg
X
W = Mg
m
w = mg
M
W = Mg
R1-17
a
g
M m
R1-18
Inclined Plane
R1-19
R1-20
Y:
N m1g cos() 0
For mass 2:
X:
m 2g T m 2 a
To solve for a, add the two X equations:
T m1g sin() m 2 g T m1 a m 2 a
m m1 sin()
a 2
g
m1 m 2
R1-21
Class #4
Take-Away Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Keep using the six-step process for doing Newtons Second Law
problems for complex cases, it will help you keep things straight.
For each dimension and each object, you will get one equation. You
may or may not need to know the forces in the normal direction.
You should have the same number of unknowns as equations.
The easiest way to solve is usually to add the two equations resulting
from opposite ends of a rope or string, or opposite sides of a contact
surface where two objects push on each other.
R1-22
v
a
R1-23
circumference 2 r
period
T
2r
T
v
R1-24
v2 .
a
r
R1-25
Centripetal Force
v2
Fnet m a m
r
and its direction is the same as acceleration: toward the center.
The net force in this case is called the centripetal force. It is not a
separate physical force in its own right, but only a name that we
give to the total or net force on an object in uniform circular
motion. It may, in fact, be the sum of several forces of several
different types.
R1-26
Example:
A Rock on a String
Twirl a 1 kg rock attached to a string in a 1 m radius vertical
circle. The speed is 4 m/sec. What forces act on the rock and
what are the directions of those forces?
R1-27
Case A:
Rock at the Top of the Circle
The center of the circle is below the rock, so acceleration is down.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2
v
6. Solve: T m a W m a m g m
g
r
W = mg
T = 1 (16/19.8) = 6.2 N.
W = 9.8 N.
R1-28
Case B:
Rock at the Bottom of the Circle
The center of the circle is above the rock, so acceleration is up.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
v2
6. Solve: T m a W m a m g m
g
r
T = 1 (16/1+9.8) = 25.8 N.
W = 9.8 N.
a
T
W = mg
R1-29
Class #5
Take-Away Concepts
1.
2.
v2
a
r
4.
v2
Fnet m a m
r
R1-30
Momentum of an Object
Definitions
We define momentum
for an object to be:
p mv
R1-31
Change of Momentum
Change of momentum is the difference between the final value
and the initial value.
Beware: We are subtracting vectors!
initial
+3
+3
= 0 kg m/s
+3
-3
+6 kg m/s
R1-32
J Fnet dt
Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
J Fnet dt p
In Physics, this is known as the Impulse-Momentum Theorem.
R1-33
7s t
J = area = 2+3+3.5+3+2+3+1.5 = 18 N s.
18 N s J p p final p initial
p final p initial p final 0 p final 18 kg m / s
v final p final m 36 m / s
R1-34
Class #6
Take-Away Concepts
1.
Momentum
2.
3.
Impulse defined:
4.
Impulse-Momentum Theorem:
5.
p mv
dp
F
net d t
J F dt
J F dt p
Favg t J F dt p
R1-35
F on A from C
F on B from C
External Forces
F on A from B F on B from A
Object A
Internal Forces
Object B
R1-36
N
P pi
i 1
d pi
Fnet ,i m i a i
dt
dP
d pi N
Fnet ,i F
d t i 1 d t i 1
all system
R1-37
Conservation of Momentum
(in a Nutshell)
dP
Fext
dt
dP
0
dt
R1-38
Class #7
Take-Away Concepts
1.
2.
N
P pi
3.
i 1
Newtons
Second Law for a system:
dP
Fext
dt
4. Conservation
of momentum when
dP
Fext 0
dt
Pafter Pbefore
R1-39
Conservation of Momentum in
Multiple Dimensions
Each direction of motion is independent.
Conservation of momentum occurs (or not) separately in each direction.
d Px
Fext , x
dt
d Py
Fext , y
dt
d Pz
Fext ,z
dt
R1-40
Y
X
Before:
After:
R1-41
Center of Mass
Center of mass defined for a system:
N
M mi
i 1
x cm
y cm
1 N
mi x i
M i 1
1 N
mi yi
M i 1
R1-42
Class #8
Take-Away Concepts
1.
2.
3.
x cm
4.
1 N
mi x i
M i 1
P M v cm
R1-43