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Balances
Outline
1.Flow Through a Vertical Tube
2.Flow Through an Annulus
3.Exercises
is
in
by
molecular
transport
rate of momentum
force of gravity
out by molecular
0
acting
on
system
transport
pressure : PA z 0 PA z L
net momentum flux : rz A1 r rz A2 r r
gravity : + gV (why positive?)
z 0
P 2 rr
z L
rz 2 rL r rz 2 rL
r r
g(2 rrL) 0
z 0
P 2 rr
z L
rz 2 rL r rz 2 rL
Dividing by 2 Lr :
rzr r rzr r r
P z 0 P z L
gr 0
r
L
r
Let r 0 :
P0 PL r d r gr 0
rz
L
dr
r r
g(2 rrL) 0
r rzr gr 0
L
dr
Rewriting:
d
P0 PL
P0 PL g(0) gL
g r
rzr
r
dr
L
L
L
d
P0 g(0) PL gL
rzr
r
dr
L
L
We let: z Pz gz
d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L
d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L
Flow
through a
circular
tube
Flow
through a
vertical
tube
HagenPoiseuille
Equation
Outline
1.Flow Through a Vertical Tube
2.Flow Through an Annulus
3.Exercises
Flow Through an
Annulus
Liquid is flowing
upward through an
annulus (space
between two
concentric cylinders)
Important quantities:
R : radius of outer
cylinder
R : radius of inner
Flow Through an
Annulus
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state flow
2. Incompressible fluid
3. Only Vz component is
significant
4. At the solid-liquid
interface, no-slip
condition
5. Significant gravity
effects
6. Vmax is attained at a
distance R from
the center of the
Flow Through an
Annulus
rate of momentum
in
by
molecular
transport
rate of momentum
force of gravity
out by molecular
0
acting
on
system
transport
pressure : PA z 0 PA z L
net momentum flux : rz A1 r rz A2 r r
gravity : gV (why negative?)
z 0
P 2 rr
z L
rz 2 rL r rz 2 rL
r r
g(2 rrL) 0
Flow Through an
Annulus
d
P0 PL
r rzr gr 0
L
dr
Rewriting:
d
P0 PL
P0 PL g(0) gL
g r
rzr
r
dr
L
L
L
d
P0 g(0) PL gL
rzr
r
dr
L
L
We let: z Pz gz
d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L
Flow Through an
Annulus
d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L
Solving:
d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L
L 2
rzr 0
r C1
2L
C1
0 L
rz
r
2L
r
BOUNDARY CONDITION!
At a distance R from the
center of the inner cylinder,
Vmax is attained in the annulus,
or zero momentum flux.
C1
0 L
0
R
2L
R
2
0 L
R
2
L
C1
Flow Through an
Annulus
rz
0 L 0
L R
r
2L
2L
r
Rewriting:
rz
0 L R
2L
r
2
R
0 L R
dvz
dr
2 L
r
2
Flow Through an
Annulus
0 L R
dvz
dr
2 L
r
2
Solving:
2
1 r
0
L
2
vz
Rln r C2
2L
R 2
Flow Through an
Annulus
vz
0 L R
2L
1 r2
2
Rln r C2
R 2
Rewriting:
0 L R2 r
R
2
vz
2 ln r C2
4 L
R
R
0 L R
vz
4 L
0 L R2
vz
4 L
2
r
ln ln(R ) C2 Expand log
R
term
2
r
r
2
Lump all
ln
constants into
R
R
C
2
r
2
2
R
Flow Through an
Annulus
2
0 L R r
r
2
vz
2 ln C2
4 L
R
R
Flow Through an
Annulus
2
r
r
0
L
2
vz
2 ln C2
4 L
R
R
2 2 ln C2
0
4 L
0 2 2 2 ln C2
Using B.C. #2:
0 L R
0 1 C2
4 L
1 C2
C2 1
2
1
2
2
ln
Flow Through an
Annulus
2
r
r
0
L
2
vz
2 ln C2
4 L
R
R
0 L R
vz
4 L
C2 1
2
1
2
2
ln
2 1 r
ln 1
R
ln R
2
Shell Balances
1. Identify all the forces that influence the
flow (pressure, gravity, momentum flux)
and their directions. Set the positive
directions of your axes.
2. Create a shell with a differential thickness
across the direction of the flux that will
represent the flow system.
3. Identify the areas (cross-sectional and
surface areas) and volumes for which the
flow occurs.
4. Formulate the shell balance equation and
Shell Balances
5. Identify all boundary conditions (solidliquid, liquid-liquid, liquid-free surface,
momentum flux values at boundaries,
symmetry for zero flux).
6. Integrate the DE for your momentum flux
and determine the values of the constants
using the BCs.
7. Insert Newtons law (momentum flux
definition) to get the differential equation
for velocity.
8. Integrate the DE for velocity and
Shell Balances
Important Assumptions*
1. The flow is always assumed to be at
steady-state.
2. Neglect entrance and exit effects.
The flow is always assumed to be
fully-developed.
3. The fluid is always assumed to be
incompressible.
4. Consider the flow to be
unidirectional.
Outline
1.Velocity Profiles in Pipes
2.Pressure Drop and Friction Loss
(Laminar Flow)
3.Friction Loss (Turbulent Flow)
4.Frictional Losses in Piping
Systems
Velocity Profiles in
Pipes
Recall velocity profile in a circular
tube:
P0 PL
2
2
vz
R r
4 L
Velocity Profiles in
Pipes
Velocity Profiles in
Pipes
Velocity Profile in a Pipe:
P0 PL
2
2
vz
R r
4 L
Average Velocity of a Fluid in a
Pipe:
P0 PL
2
vave
D
32L
Outline
1.Velocity Profiles in Pipes
2.Pressure Drop and Friction
Loss (Laminar Flow)
3.Friction Loss (Turbulent Flow)
4.Frictional Losses in Piping
Systems
Hagen-Poiseuille
Equation
32Lvave
P0 PL
2
D
Friction Loss
32Lvave
P0 PL
2
D
In terms of
energy lost per
unit mass:
PO PL 32Lvave
Ff
Friction Factor
Definition: Drag force per
wetted surface unit area (or shear
stress at the surface) divided by
the product of density times
velocity head
P0 PL AC AS
S
f
2
2
v 2
v 2
Friction Factor
2
Ff
L v
4fF
gc
D 2gc
Frictional force/loss head is
proportional to the velocity
head of the flow and to the
ratio of the length to the
diameter of the flow stream
P
L
v
P0 PL
2
f
O
L
vave
D
32 L
Prove:
16
fF
NRe
gc
4fF
D 2gc
Outline
1.Velocity Profiles in Pipes
2.Pressure Drop and Friction Loss
(Laminar Flow)
3.Friction Loss (Turbulent
Flow)
4.Frictional Losses in Piping
Systems
Ff
L v
4fF
gc
D 2gc
1. Friction factor is dependent on
NRe and the relative roughness
of the pipe.
2. The value of fF is determined
empirically.
Moody Diagrams
Important notes:
1. Both fF and NRe are plotted in logarithmic
scales. Some Moody diagrams show fD
(Darcy friction factor). Make the
necessary conversions.
2. No curves are shown for the transition
region.
3. Lowest possible friction factor for a
given NRe in turbulent flow is shown by the
smooth pipe line.
Friction Factor
Correlations
1. Blasius equation for turbulent flow in
smooth tubes:
0.079
fF
0.25
NRe
4000 NRe 10
2. Colebrook formula
1
2.51
2log10
3.7D NRe fD
fD
Friction Factor
Correlations
3. Churchill equation (Colebrook formula
explicit in fD)
0.9
1
0.27 7
2log10
N
D
fD
Re
4. Swamee-Jain correlation
fD
0.25
5.74
2log10
0.9
3.7D NRe
Equivalent Roughness,
Materials of
Construction
Copper, brass, lead
(tubing)
Commercial or welded
steel
Wrought iron
Ductile iron coated
Ductile iron uncoated
Concrete
Equivalent
Roughness (m)
1.5 E-06
4.6 E-05
4.6
1.2
2.4
1.2
E-05
E-04
E-04
E-04
S
Deq 4RH 4
Pw
Equivalent Diameter
(Deq)
S
Deq 4RH 4
Pw
Determine the equivalent diameter of
the following conduit types:
1.Annular space with outside
diameter Do and inside diameter Di
2.Rectangular duct with sides a and b
3.Open channels with liquid depth y
and liquid width b