WHAT IS A

COMPUTERS ???
By:
Fajarin Fitrianto lahay
Mukhyiddin
Muhamad amin R

COMPUTER

GENERATION
COMPUTER

FUNCTION

ADVANTAGE

DISADVANTAGE

WHAT IT
IS ???

BACK

COMPUTER
Acomputerisadevicethatcan
beinstructedtocarryoutanarbitraryset
ofarithmeticorlogicaloperations
automatically.Theirabilityofcomputersto
followasequenceofoperations,called
aprogram,makecomputersveryflexibleand
useful.Suchcomputersareusedascontrol
systemsforaverywidevariety
ofindustrialandconsumerdevices.
BACK

First Generation (1940-1956)

Vacuum Tubes

Thefirstcomputersusedvacuumtubesforcircuitry
andmagneticdrumsformemory,andwereoften
enormous,takingupentirerooms.Theywerevery
expensivetooperateandinadditiontousingagreat
dealofelectricity,thefirstcomputersgeneratedalotof
heat,whichwasoftenthecauseofmalfunctions.
Firstgenerationcomputersreliedonmachinelanguage,
thelowest-levelprogramminglanguageunderstoodby
computers,toperformoperations,andtheycouldonly
solveoneproblematatime,anditcouldtakedaysor
weekstoset-upanewproblem.Inputwasbasedon
punchedcardsandpapertape,andoutputwas
displayedonprintouts

Second Generation (19561963) Transistors

Transistorsreplacevacuumtubesandusheredinthe
secondgenerationofcomputers.Thetransistorwas
inventedin1947butdidnotseewidespreadusein
computersuntilthelate1950s.Thetransistorwasfar
superiortothevacuumtube,allowingcomputersto
becomesmaller,faster,cheaper,moreenergy-efficient
andmorereliablethantheirfirst-generation
predecessors.
Thoughthetransistorstillgeneratedagreatdealofheat
thatsubjectedthecomputertodamage,itwasavast
improvementoverthevacuumtube.Second-generation
computersstillreliedonpunchedcardsforinputand
printoutsforoutput.

Third Generation (1964-1971)

Integrated Circuits

Thedevelopmentoftheintegratedcircuitwasthe
hallmarkofthethirdgenerationofcomputers.
Transistorswereminiaturizedandplaced
onsiliconchips,calledsemiconductors,whichdrastically
increasedthespeedandefficiencyofcomputers.
Insteadofpunchedcardsandprintouts,usersinteracted
withthirdgenerationcomputersthroughkeyboardsand
monitorsandinterfacedwithanoperatingsystem,which
allowedthedevicetorunmanydifferentapplicationsat
onetimewithacentralprogramthatmonitoredthe
memory.Computersforthefirsttimebecameaccessible
toamassaudiencebecausetheyweresmallerand
cheaperthantheirpredecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971Present) Microprocessors

Themicroprocessorbroughtthefourthgenerationof
computers,asthousandsofintegratedcircuitswerebuilt
ontoasinglesiliconchip.Whatinthefirstgeneration
filledanentireroomcouldnowfitinthepalmofthe
hand.TheIntel4004chip,developedin1971,locatedall
thecomponentsofthecomputerfromthecentral
processingunitandmemorytoinput/outputcontrolson
asinglechip.
Asthesesmallcomputersbecamemorepowerful,they
couldbelinkedtogethertoformnetworks,which
eventuallyledtothedevelopmentoftheInternet.Fourth
generationcomputersalsosawthedevelopmentofGUIs,
themouseandhandhelddevices.

Fifth Generation (Present and

Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifthgenerationcomputingdevices,based
onartificialintelligence,arestillindevelopment,
thoughtherearesomeapplications,suchasvoice
recognition,thatarebeingusedtoday.Theuse
ofparallelprocessingandsuperconductorsis
helpingtomakeartificialintelligencea
reality.Quantumcomputationandmolecular
andnanotechnologywillradicallychangethefaceof
computersinyearstocome.Thegoaloffifthgenerationcomputingistodevelopdevicesthat
respondtonaturallanguageinputandarecapable
oflearningandself-organization.

HOME

The four basic functions of a

computer

input, processing, output and storage.Anyactivityorprocess

performedbyacomputerfallsintooneofthesefourcategories
Inputistheadditionorrenderingofdataintothecomputer.This
incorporatesthemandatoryinputofaprogrammerthroughthe
keyboard,scannerorotherformsofstoragemedia.
Processingisthemanipulationofinformationbythecomputer
system.Processingusestheprocessororrandomaccess
memory,otherwiseknownasRAM
Storageistheprocessofpermanentlysavingdataonthe
computer.Thisprocessinvolvesaharddriveofsomekind.(ex:
flashdisk,hardisk,etc)
Outputiswhenthecomputerdisplaysdatatobeviewedbythe
programmerorotherindividuals.Outputusuallyinvolvesthe
monitor,printeroraformofstoragemediathatdataiscopiedto.
BACK

Advantage Of Using Computer

Benefitsofcomputersincludeefficientoperationsin
businessandenhancedlearningcapabilities.
Computersalsobringculturesandfamiliestogetherby
allowingpeopletocommunicatedirectlythroughthe
Internetwithonlinechatandemail.
Computersallowemployerstostoremassiveamountsof
dataoncomputerstoconservespaceandsavemoney.
Computersintheclassroomprovidenewmethodsof
teachingtohelpstudentslearn.Computersalsocreate
conveniencebyallowingstudentstolearnfroma
distance.Distancelearningprogramstakeadvantageof
chatroomsandforumstoencouragebetter
communication
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Disadvantage Of Using Computer

Disadvantagesofcomputersincludeassociatedcriminal
activities.Cybercrimes,suchasidentitytheft,
embezzlementandhacking,haveincreasedtheinsecurity
ofdoingbusinessonline.Withtheuseofcomputersin
decision-making,someemployeesmayfeelthattheirskills
arenotvalued,andthismaylowertheirmorale.Apartfrom
thehighcostofacquiringcomputercomponents,thecostof
hiringprofessionalssuchasprogrammersmayhurta
company.Atthesametime,someprogramsrequireregular
updatingtothecurrentversioninordertobefunctional,
whichmayhavecostimplications.Virusesspreadfromone
computertoanotherthroughoutacomputernetwork,
leadingtolossofdataanddamagetohardware.
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