Theory Of Projection

Anil Kr .Garikapati

Introduction
Projection---An image or the act
obtaining the image of an object.

also refer as view.

Engineers use various techniques to
construct the views of an object
These techniques are grouped under
various methods of projection

Principle of Projection
If straight lines are drawn from various
points on the contour of an object to meet
a plane , the object is said to be projected
on that plane
The figure formed by joining, in correct
sequence ,the points at which these lines
meet the plane , is called the projection of
the object.
The lines from the object to the plane are
called projectors

Line of sight

is an imaginary ray of light between an

observers eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS :parallel and converge
Parallel projection

Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which

the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection

Perspective projection

Plane of projection

Plane of projection

PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective

Parallel

Oblique

Axonometric

Orthographic

Multiview
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Methods Of Projection
Orthographic Projection:- When the
projectors are parallel to each other and
also perpendicular to the plane , the
projection is called orthographic projection.
Isometric projection:- Isometric projection
is a type of pictorial projection in which the
three dimensions of an object are shown in
one view . And also the actual sizes can be
measured directly from it.

Methods Of Projection
Oblique projection:- It is a method of pictorial
projection in which mutually parallel projectors
are inclined to the plane of projection at 30 ,
45 or 60 . One of the faces of the object is
kept parallel to the plane of projection.
Perspective Projection:- Perspective projection
or Perspective drawing is the representation of
an object on the plane surface, called picture
plane as it would appear to the eye, when
viewed from fixed position.

Methods of projection
In the above methods of projection , Isometric ,
oblique , and perspective represents the object by a
pictorial view as eyes see it.
In these methods of projection a three dimensional
object is represented on a projection plane by one
view only.
While in the orthographic projection an object is
represented by two or three views on the mutually
perpendicular projection planes.
Each view represents two dimensions of an object.
For the complete description of the three dimensional
object at least two or three views are required

Orthographic Projection
When the projectors are parallel to
each other and also perpendicular to
the plane , the projection is called
orthographic projection
Step by step Procedure to draw
orthographic projections.

MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Object views from top

1 5

5
3
4
Projection plane
Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

11

3 4

Planes Of Projection
The two planes employed for the purpose
of orthographic projections are called
reference planes or principal planes of
projection.

They intersect each other at right angles.

The vertical plane of projection(in front of
the observer) is usually denoted by the
letters V.P.
It is often called the frontal plane and
denoted by the letters F.P.

PLANES

1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane

(A.V.P.)

A.V.P.
to Hp & to
Vp

Auxiliary Inclined Plane

(A.I.P.)

A.I
.P.

t
oV
p
&

to
Hp

Profile Plane
( P.P.)

Planes Of Projection
The other plane is the horizontal plane of
projection known as H.P.
The line in which they intersect is termed
as reference line and is denoted by the
letters XY.
The projection on the V.P is called the
front view or the elevation of the object
The projection on the H.P is called the top
view or the plane

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

Click to view Animation

On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program

safe for your pc.

PP

VP

FV

LSV

X
X

TV
HP

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 90
AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90

AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
DRAWN IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

Four quadrants
When the planes of projection extended
beyond the line of intersection, they form
four quadrants or dihedral angles
The object may be situated in any one of
the quadrants, its position relative to the
planes being described as above or below
the H.P. and in front of or behind the V.P.
The planes are assumed to be
transparent.

Four quadrants
The projections are obtained by drawing
perpendiculars from the object to the
planes
They are then shown on a flat surface
either by rotating the H.P clock wise or V.P
anti clock wise.
The positions of the views with respect to
the reference line will change according to
the quadrant in which the object is
situated

Reference line
When studying the front view (which is the view
as seen from front), the H.P coincides with
reference line . In other words XY represent the
H.P
When studying the top view, which is the view
obtained by looking from above, the reference
line coincides with V.P
Hence , when the two projections are drawn in
correct relationship with each other , XY
represents both the H.P and the V.P.
This line is called reference line

Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn
by placing object

Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn
by placing object

( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y )

( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )

FV

Y
X

TV

TV

FV

SYMBOLIC
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND)
ON ITS BASE.

in 3rd Quadrant.

in 1st Quadrant

FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION

IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

FOR T.V.

V.P.

P.P.
S.V.

F.V

T
C
E
J
O B

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
PP

VP
FV

LSV

X
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS

R
FO

.
S.V

FO
R

F.V
.

THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION

FOR T.V.

IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

V.P.
T
C
E
J
B
O

P.P.

TV

Y
LSV

FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS

S.V.

F.V.