Maritime Cyber Security:

Navigation and Ships Systems

Maritime Cyber Security Roundtable Discussion
Presented by

The Combined Joint Operations from the Sea

Centre of Excellence
and

Old Dominion University

CAPT David B. Moskoff, USMS
Professor of Marine Transportation
United States Merchant Marine Academy
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

CAPT D. Moskoff

2 May 2014 for

Location, Technology and E-Navigation

Location through precise positioning more important than
ever due many new factors:
Larger ships
more cargo
more $ at
risk
Faster ships
less reaction time, more area
Crew Size
watch standers, fatigue, solo,
safety
W/O Load
info+, technology i.e. GMDSS
Deeper Draft
less UKC, bottom surveys
Technology
skillsets/instincts
dependency
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

For Example:
Largest
Container Ship
(in 2006)

EMMA
MAERSK
170,974 GT
397m
(1,302ft)
56m (184ft)
Maritime
Cyber Security:
Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
15.5m
(51ft)
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

Ships E-Nav Bridge Equipment

Technology Recently Much More Sophisticated
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System)
AIS (Automatic Identification System)
LRIT (Long Range Identification and Tracking)
Radar/ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid)
Compass (Gyro, Fluxgate, GPS and others)
Steering (Computerized Automatic Steering System)
VDR (Voyage Data Recorder Black Box)
GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System)
Numerous other advanced units and systems
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

ECDIS Definition
An Electronic Chart Display and Information
System is:
computer-based navigation system-complies
with IMO
can be used as an alternative to paper
navigation charts
integrates a variety of real-time information
automated decision aid - continuously
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
2 May 2014 for
CJOS/ODU
- UNCLASSIFIED
determining ships
position
in relation to land,

ECDIS Definition

An ECDIS includes electronic navigational

charts (ENC) and integrates position
information from the Global Positioning
System (GPS) and other navigational
sensors, such as radar, fathometer and
automatic identification systems (AIS). It
may also display additional navigationrelated information, such as sailing
directions.
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
2 May 2014 for
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

ECDIS
Electronic Chart Display and Information System

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

ECDIS
Electronic Chart Display and Information System

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

AIS (Automatic Identification System)

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

AIS (Automatic Identification System)

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

AIS (Automatic Identification System)

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

ECDIS with AIS Overlay

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

AIS Symbols and Information

Note TCPA
and CPA
Above
Based on
GPS
Position
InputCyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
Maritime

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Shipboard Radar/ARPA Unit

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Marine Radar Display - Sperry

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

ECDIS with Radar Overlay

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

Combining All Three on One Display

The ECDIS becomes the ultimate

Magic Box that is an extremely
valuable tool for the well-trained
navigator when position input is
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

AIS and Radar Overlay on ECDIS

Integrated with Compass, Depth and other sensors

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

IBS (Integrated Bridge

System)
Solo Watchstanding

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

Recent Technology
Onboard Ships

The Good
The Bad
The Ugly

CSL Thames Grounding: Not Enough ECDIS Training

ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=2m4JGoJZESs&NR=1
http://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/2009/san_francisco_ca/animation.html

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Important E-Navigation Terms

PNT
GPS
DGPS GNSS
RSNS -

Positioning, Navigation and Timing

NavStar (U.S. Air Force) Universal use
Differential Global Positioning System
Global Navigation Satellite System
Regional Satellite Navigation Systems

GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), Compass (China)

Beidou (China), QZSS (Japan), IRNSS (India)
Electronic Charts, ECDIS/ECS, Track Control, AIS,
LRIT, IBS, LF, Loran C and Enhanced Loran (eLoran)
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

GPS/GNSS is an ENav Concern

ECDIS [and AIS] Position Input

Commercial Ships C/A Code

Primary and Secondary Inputs
Typically from GPS/GLONASS Today
Galileo and Compass in Future
LF System - eLoran as Backup

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

THV GALATEA Lighthouse Tender

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

THV GALATEA Lighthouse Tender

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

..from article by David Hambling on THV GALETEA

.When Last activated the jammer, the ship went
haywire. According to the electronic display on the
ship's bridge, the Galatea was suddenly flying at Mach
speeds over northern Europe and Ireland.
The ship's navigation backup - its gyrocompass-

crashed, because it uses GPS to provide corrections. The

radar did the same. Even the ship's satellite communications
failed , because GPS points the antenna in the right

direction. "The crew were well trained and briefed, so

they knew what was going on," says Last. "But, like us,
they
were
surprised.
http://
www.gla-rrnav.org/radionavigation/gnss_dgnss/vulnerabilities.html

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

GPS/NavStar The U.S. Satellite System

Some Known Vulnerabilities of

GPS/GNSS Systems:
1. Low power signal strength - inherent
weakness
2. Potential for unintentional interference
3. Potential for intentional jamming or
interference
4. Potential for spoofing (hacking) and
meaconing
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
2 May 2014 for
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

High Power Mobile Phone &

GPS(L1)/WiFi/Bluetooth
Signal Jammer

http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/386981063/EST_808LC_
Portable_Military_blocker.html

Output power is 320 watt.

The shielding radius is from
300-500 meters...
Model Number: KTC-VU Jammer
2.0 Pelican
Min. Order: 5 Pieces
Port: Shenzhen
Supply Ability: 50 Pieces per
Day

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Why Conduct Intentional

Activities?
A. PNT Signal is Critical to
Criminals PNT regulates Banking and Finance
Infrastructure
Hackers Government, IT, Defense, Commercial
Terrorists - Defense, Government, Energy, IT,
Communications, Nuclear Industry, Banking,
Transportation, Water, Chemical, Agriculture and
Food, Emergency Services, Finance, more
Extremists - ??????????????????????????
Military Electronic Warfare (EW) & Cyber
Pirates Hijack Ship, Ground Ship, Steal Cargo
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Examples: Other ENav/GPS Concerns

ECDIS is a Computer Subject to Viruses, etc.
IT Attacks Against Ship (i.e. Spearfishing)
http://www.transas.com/support/chart_corrections /
http://www.transis.com/support/chart_corrections/

Military Using Commercial GPS C/A Code

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVxDVUsiejQ&feature=related

Lack of Low Frequency(LF) eLoran-Type Backup

Electromagnetic Pulse Attack (EMP) Kills All?
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Quick Look at GPS and eLoran

GPS: Weak Transmitting Signal Strength
High Frequency Bands L1, L2, L5
Satellite Based High Orbiting
Fairly Easy to Jam/Spoof
eLoran: Powerful Transmitting Signal Strength
Low Frequency Band 100 KHz
Terrestrial Based Secure Stations
Virtually Impossible to Jam/Spoof
Both: Very High Accuracy
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

eLoran The Terrestrial System

Enhanced Loran (eLoran)

What is it?
How does it work?
What are its benefits?
How much would it cost?
Why isnt everyone funding it?
Whats the current status?

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CAPT D. Moskoff
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

What Can Ships Do?

Options?

Use GPS/GNSS receivers (+$15) that detect

spoofing and jamming to warn users.
Provide as many inputs to navigation
positioning as possible i.e. LF eLoran especially in coastal/shallow areas.
Use Parallel Indexing and Cross Indexing
Radar Techniques routinely.
Use ECDIS/ECS units with both a primary and a
secondary input at all possible times in all
available areas.
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014

What Can Ships Do?

Options?

Maintain Skillsets: Piloting, Celestial,

Instruments (fathometer, fathograph)
Audit and Test ships for jamming and
other vulnerabilities: test in open water
areas under controlled conditions.
Conduct ship drills (like fire drills) on
regular basis: consider GNSS failure,
GNSS jamming, GNSS spoofing,
equipment failures, EMP attack, etc.
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CAPT D. Moskoff
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

2 May 2014 for

Just Dont Put All Your Eggs in One Basket

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

for CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

CAPT D. Moskoff

2 May 2014

United
States
Merchant
Marine
Academy

Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems

CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

CAPT D. Moskoff

2 May 2014 for

Questions?
Comments?
Discussion?
CAPT David B. Moskoff, USMS
Professor of Marine Transportation
United States Merchant Marine Academy
Master Mariner USCG Unlimited
moskoffd@usmma.edu
516.726.5856
Maritime Cyber Security: Navigation and Ships Systems
CJOS/ODU - UNCLASSIFIED

CAPT D. Moskoff

2 May 2014 for