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IATROGENIC
HYPERTHYROIDISM:
ITS EFFECT ON VARIOUS
BODY SYSTEMS AND
METABOLISM
Albao. Caracas. Edquiban. Gatlabayan.
Revilleza
INTRODUCTION
The body has two thyroid hormones:
T3- triiodothyronine
T4- thyroxine
They are produced by the thyroid gland in response to the
stimulation by the pituitary gland
Excessive secretions of these hormones cause a disease called
HYPERTHYROIDSM
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Produces an exaggerated increase in the animals metabolic rate
common signs:
weight loss
increased appetite
hyperexcitability
Polydipsia/ polyuria
Common in CATS; less common in DOGS
GI signs:
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Increased fecal volume
Cardiovascular signs:
Tachycardia
Systolic murmurs
Dyspnea
IATROGENIC HYPERTHYROIDISM
most common cause of hyperthyroidism in dogs
excessive intake of exogenous thyroid hormones
chronic administration of too-high a dose of L-thyroxine (L-T4) for
treatment of hypothyroidism (1,3-5)
CLINICAL SIGNS:
agitation
panting
tachypnea
tachycardia
METHODOLOGY
Materials
- thyroxine (eltroxine)
- 4 adult mice (same sex and weight)
- diethylether
- gavage needle
- distilled water
- weighing scale
- 1 mL syringe
- dissecting instrument
METHODOLOGY
PRIOR TO EXPERIMENT
Record:
1.Food intake
2.Water intake
3.Body weight
Urine parameters
4. Specific gravity
5 glucose
6. pH
7. protein
C
D
METHODOLOGY
A
B
No treatment
12.5 mcg
C
D
25
mcg
50
METHODOLOGY
RECORDING OF DATA
Daily
1. Food intake
2. Water intake
Weekly
6. Body weight
METHODOLOGY
END OF EXPERIMENT
1. Record
Urine parameters
Specific gravity
glucose
pH
protein
2. Sacrifice mice
3. Weigh
B
C
Inguinal tissue
Epididymal tissue
Retroperitoneal tissue
RESULTS
Table 1. Effect of Hyperthyroidism on
body weight (g)
Treatm Animal Animal Animal Animal
ent
A
B (12.5 C (25
D (50
Days (Contro mcg)
mcg)
mcg)
l)
Day 0
Lean
Lean
Lean
Lean
Day 7
Lean
Lean
Thin
Thin
Day 14
Lean
Thin
Thin
Thin
DISCUSSION
Effect on Body Weight
increase catabolism of structural body proteins & greater lipid
metabolism
RESULTS
Table 2. Effect of hyperthyroidism on food intake (g).
Treatme
nt Days
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
4.8
3.0
4.9
5.3
2.5
5.3
5.2
3.0
6.0
5.0
2.5
5.8
5.1
2.5
6.2
4.7
2.5
6.0
5.0
2.5
6.1
DISCUSSION
Effect of Food Intake
The higher the dose, the higher the food intake
appetite
GIT motility
RESULTS
Table 3. Effect of hyperthyroidism on water intake (mL).
Treatment
Days
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Animal A
(Control)
7.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
8.0
6.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
7.5
7.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
Animal B
(12.5 mcg)
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Animal C
(25 mcg)
7.0
6.0
6.5
7.5
7.0
8.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
8.0
9.0
7.0
8.0
7.5
Animal D
(50 mcg)
5.0
11.0
13.0
16.0
20.0
21.0
DISCUSSION
Effect on Water Intake
the higher the dose, the greater the water intake (polydipsia)
metabolic rate
body temperature
water intake
RESULTS
Table 4. Effect of hyperthyroidism on the hair coat.
Treatment
Days
1
Animal B (12.5
mcg)
Normal
(Smooth, shiny)
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Animal C (25
mcg)
Normal
Animal D (50
mcg)
Normal
2
3
4
5
6
7
Animal A
(Control)
Normal
(Smooth, shiny)
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Thinner, ruffled
Normal
Normal
Rough
Rough
Rough
Normal
Normal
Thinner, ruffled
Normal
Normal
Thinner, ruffled
10
Normal
Normal
Thinner, ruffled
11
Normal
Normal
Thinner, ruffled
12
Normal
Normal
Thinner, ruffled
13
Normal
Normal
Thinner, ruffled
14
Normal
Normal
Thinner, ruffled
DISCUSSION
Effect on Hair Coat
thyroxine promotes anagen (formation new hair follicles)
hairs are soft & shiny
RESULTS
Table 5. Effect of hyperthyroidism on fecal consistency.
Treatment
Days
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Animal A
(Control)
Normal
(slightly
moist)
normal
Normal
normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
normal
Animal B
(12.5 mcg)
Normal
Animal C
(25 mcg)
Moist
Animal D
(50 mcg)
Moist
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
normal
Moist
Moist
Moist
Moist
Moist
Moist
Moist
Moist
Moist
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Moist
Moist
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
DISCUSSION
Effect on Fecal Consistency
this is due to the increase in feed intake, increase in GIT secretions and hypermotily of the intestine
this leads to fast movement of ingesta in the intestine without proper absorption
RESULTS
Table 6. Effect of hyperthyroidism on behavior.
Treatmen Animal A
t Days
(Control)
1
Normal,
active
Animal B
(12.5
mcg)
Normal,
active
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Animal C
(25 mcg)
Animal D
(50 mcg)
Less
Active (Vs.
Normal)
Less
Active (Vs.
Normal)
Less
Active (Vs.
Normal)
Less
Active (Vs.
Normal)
Active
Active
Active
Active
Active
Active
Active
Active
Normal
Normal
Enthusiast
ic
Enthusiast
ic
Lethargic
Quiescent
DISCUSSION
Effect on Behavior
the higher the dose of thyroxine, the animal becomes
more active
nervousness, anxiety, restlessness insomnia
RESULTS
Table 7. Effect of hyperthyroidism on some urine parameters.
Animal
A
(control
)
A
(control
)
B (12.5
mcg)
B (12.5
mcg)
C (25
mcg)
C (25
mcg)
D (50
mcg)
Time Period
Before
Experiment
Urine pH
6.0
Glucose
-
Protein
15
USG
1.030
Before
Sacrifice
6.0
30
1.030
Before
Experiment
Before
Sacrifice
Before
Experiment
Before
Sacrifice
Before
Experiment
5.0
1.030
6.0
1.030
6.0
1.030
6.0
30
1.030
5.0
1.020
DISCUSSION
Effect on Urine Parameters
increased thyroid hormone concentration
alkaline pH
negative protein
negative glucose
low specific gravity
RESULTS
Table 8. Effect of Hyperthyroidism on fat deposition (g/100g BW)
Animal
Treatment
Control
B
C
12.5 mcg
25 mcg
50 mcg
Fat
Depositio
n
0.66
(g/100g
BW)
1.37
(g/100g
BW)
-
DISCUSSION
Effect on Fat Deposition
decrease fat deposition
DISCUSSION
METABOLI
SM
LIPID
HIGH THYROXINE
LEVEL
LOW THYROXINE
LEVEL
Stimulate fat
mobilization
Increased
concentration of fatty
acid in plasma
Decreased utilization of
lipid substrates
GROWTH
Increased stimulation
of carbohydrate
metabolism
Increased
gluconeogenesis and
glycogenolysis
decreased
Growth promoting
Growth retardation
Discussion
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF
HYPERTHYROIDISM
DISCUSSION
Effects on Respiratory System
promotes high oxygen consumption
increased respiratory rate and depth
DISCUSSION
Effects on Cardiovascular System
stimulates heart rate, cardiac output, and blood flow
increased transport of blood to tissues
DISCUSSION
Effects on Digestive System
increased food and water intake
increased gastrointestinal tract (GIT) secretions and motility =
diarrhea
DISCUSSION
Effects on Reproductive System
impotence in male
infertility or irregularity in estrus cycle in female
DISCUSSION
Diagnostic Test
TSH Test
measures the amount of TSH
Expect to be Low in Hyperthyroidism
If the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone, the pituitary
shuts down TSH production, leading to low or even undetectable
TSH levels in the blood.
DISCUSSION
Diagnostic Test
T3/T4 Test
T4
Bound T4(inactive form)
Free T4(active form
high level of total T4 suggests hyperthyroidism
T3
Secreted only in small amounts
DISCUSSION
Serum T3 and T4 Levels in Domestic Animals
Species
T4 (nmol/L)
T3 (nmol/L)
Cattle
54-110.7 (82.4)
0.63-2.61 (1.42)
Sheep
38.6-54.4 (44.4)
1.35-2.92 (2.24)
Horse
11.6-36 (20)
0.48-2.43 (1.18)
Goat
38-79.2 (56.8)
0.97-2.3 (1.53)
Pig
21.9-60.2 (42.7)
0.66-2.15 (1.38)
Cat
1.3-32.3 (12.9)
0.23-1.59 (0.99)
dog
7.7-46.4 (29.7)
1.26-2.13 (1.65)
DISCUSSION
Diagnostic Test
TSI Test
TSI = Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
TSIs areantibodiesthattell the thyroid gland to swell and release
excess amounts of thyroid hormone into the blood.
Above Normal Level indicates hyperthyroidism.
DISCUSSION
Diagnostic Test
Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test
measures how much radioactive iodine is taken up by the thyroid
gland in acertain time period.
Normal Results:
6 hours: 3 - 16%
24 hours: 8 - 25%
DISCUSSION
Table 9. Diagnostic Tests Important for Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism
Diagnostic Test
TSH Test
T3/T4 Test
Above normal
TSI Test
Above Normal
Radioactive Iodine
Uptake Test
Above Normal
CONCLUSION
Hyperthyroidism in mice causes a decrease in body weight, increase
in food and water intake, ruffled hair coat, moist fecal consistency,
hyperactive behavior, and decrease in fat deposition. Hyperthyroid
animals will have an alkaline pH and low specific gravity and protein and
glucose will be absent. These effects are due to increase in basal
metabolic rate.