RELATIONS FUNCTIONS

AND GRAPHS
MATH10
ALGEBRA

Functions and Their Graphs(Algebra and Trigonometry, Young 2nd Edition, page 225-322)

Week 8
Day 1

GENERAL
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the chapter the students are
expected to:
Determine whether a relation is a function.
Use function notation.
Find the domain and range of a function.
Perform operations on functions.
Sketch the graphs of common functions.
Classify function as odd even, or neither.
Determine whether functions are one-to-one.
Find the inverse of a function.

FUNCTIONS

TODAYS OBJECTIVE

Week 8
Day 1

At the end of the lesson the students are

expected to:
Determine whether a relation is a function.
Determine whether an equation represents a
function.
Use function notation.
Find the value of a function.
Determine the domain and range of a function.
Evaluate the difference quotient for a function.

DEFINITION

Week 8
Day 1

RELATION
A relation is a correspondence between two sets
where each element in the first set called the
domain, corresponds to at least one element in the
second set, called the range.
It is a set of ordered pairs.
The domain is the set of the first components of the
ordered pairs and the range is the set of all the
second component of the ordered pairs.
A relation in which each element of the domain
corresponds to exactly one element in the range is a
function.

DEFINITION

Week 8
Day 1

FUNCTION
A function is a correspondence between two sets
where each element in the first set , called the domain,
corresponds to exactly one element in the second set,
called the range.
It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs having the
same first element.

Week 8
Day 1
Example 1:
1
2
3
4
5

Set A is the domain

2
4
6
8
10

Set B is the
range

{(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (4,8),

(5,10)}
one - to-one

Week 8
Day 1
Example 2:

6
8
10

4
5

Set A is the
domain

Set B is the
range

{(1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (4,4),

(5,4)}
many-to-one

Example 3:
A good example that you can relate to is that
students in our algebra class this term are set A. The
grade youll earn out of this class is set B. Each
student must be assigned a grade and can only be
assigned ONE grade, but more than one student can
get the same grade (we hope so---we want lots of 1s).
The example shown on the previous screen had each
1
student getting
the same grade.
2
2
3
4
5

4
6
8
10

{(1,2), (2,4), (2,10), (3,8),

NOT a(4,6),(5,4)}
function . It is, however a
relation.
2 was assigned
both 4 and 10, therefore one-to-many or the element in the
domain corresponds to more than one element in the range

One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

y sin x

y x 1
and

x maps to
only one value of y . . .
and each y is mapped
from only one x.
Each value of

x maps to only
one value of y . . .
BUT many other x values
map to that y.
Each value of

One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

y sin x

y x 1
and

y x 1

is an example of

a one-to-one function

y sin x is an example of
a many-to-one function

One-to-many is NOT a function. It is however a relation.

Week 8
Day 1

Example 5:

Determine
whether
thefollowing
relations
arefunctions
:
a. 1,2 , 3,2 , 5,6 , 7,6
b. 1,2 , 1,3 , 5,6 , 7,8

0
o
o
c. 11: 00AM,83
F , 2: 00PM,89
F , 6: 00PM,85
F
YourTurn page227

Below is a sample of 2008 cars listed from less

expensive to more expensive, with corresponding
gas consumption in miles per gallon MPG

Example 6:

DOMAIN
MODEL

Kia Rio
Ford Focus
Toyota Corolla
Honda Civic
Toyota Prius
Nissan Altima
(H)
Ford Mustang
Dodge Viper
Hummer H2
Aston Martin
Is this
DB9

A) YES

RANGE
MPG (CITY)

25
24
27
21
48
35
17
13
11
11

relation a function?
B) NO

Below is a sample of 2008 cars listed from less expensive to

more expensive, with corresponding gas consumption in miles
per gallon MPG

Example 7:

RANGE

DOMAIN

model & make

MPG (city)

Kia Rio
Ford Focus
Toyota Corolla
Honda Civic
Toyota Prius
Nissan Altima (H)
Ford Mustang
Dodge Viper
Hummer H2
Aston Martin DB9

25
24
27
21
48
35
17
13
11

Is this relation a function?

A) YES

B) NO

Week 8
Day 1

of the examples discussed are discrete sets in that they

present countable set of distinct pairs (x,y). A function can
so be defined algebraically by equations.

Week 8
Day 1

FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY
EQUATIONS
An equation assigns to each x-value exactly one
corresponding y-value.
2

Example
: Giventheequationy x 3x
x

Ordered
Pair

-2

(1,-2)

5
10
(5,10)
-2/3 22/9
(-2/3,22/9)
1.2 -2.16
(1.2,-2.16)
x is the independent variable ,first element in the
ordered pair (domain)
y is the dependent variable, second element in the
ordered pair (range)

Week 8
Day 1
Any equation which describes how the elements of the
domain and range of any relation are paired is called the
rule of correspondence of that relation.
It should be made clear that the equation is not the
relation.
The relation is the set of ordered pairs which consists of
all possible parings of the elements of the domain and
range according to the rule or the equation which
describes the relation.

Example 1:

Week 8
Day 1

Determine
whether
thefollowing
equations
defineafunction.
a. x y2
b. x2 y2 1
c. x y
d. y x2
e.

y x

f.

y x3
Examplepage228 229

VERTICAL LINE TEST

Week 8
Day 1

Given the graph of an equation, if any vertical

line that can be drawn intersects the graph at no
more than one point,
the equation defines a function of x. This test is
called the
vertical line test.

Week 8
Use the vertical line test to determine Day 1
whether the graphs of equations define
functions of x
y

# 19 page 239

# 22 page 239

Week 8
Day 1
In summary , a function can be expressed
in one of the four ways:
1. Verbally
2. Numerically
3. Algebraically
4. Graphically
This is sometimes called the Rule of 4.
Example: Expressing a Function
Verbally
Every real
number has
a
correspondi
ng

Numerically

Algebraic Graphica
ally
lly
y

1,1 , 0,0 , 1,1

y x
x

FUNCTION NOTATION

Week 8
Day 1

Functions are denoted by letters, the most common of

which are f,g,h, F,G ,H, etc.
Given the equation y=2x+5 which is a function
because its graph is a non vertical line and thus
passes the vertical line test.
If we give the said function a name, say, f, then we
can use function notation : f(x)=2x+5
The symbol f(x) is read : f evaluated at x or f of x
and represents the y-value that corresponds to a
particular x-value. In other words, y=f(x).

Input

Function

Output

Week 8
Day 1
Equation

f(x)

f(x)=2x+5

Independent
variable
(or the
argument)

Mapping

Domai
n

Dependent Mathematical
variable
rule

Function

Range

f(x)=2x
x
+5
f
x=0
f
f(0)=5
x=1
f(1)=7
f
x=2
f(2)=9
The function f maps some value of x in the domain to
some value f(x) in the range.

Week 8
Day 1

EXAMPLE
1. Letf x x4 x 1
Compute
: a. f -1 b.- 2f 1
Classroom
Ex.3.1.3 page232
4

2. a.Findf - 3
b.Findf 2

3
2

c.Findxsuchthatf x 0
Classroom
Ex.3.1.4 page232

1
-10

-8

-4

(4,1)
4

-1
-2
-3

(2,-1)

Week 8
Day 1
3. Letg x x2 2x 3
Evaluate
g x 1
YourTurnpage233
4. Letf x 2 x2.

Compute
: a.f x 1

b.f x f 1

ClassroomE
x.3.1.6 page233

6. GiventhefunctionG t 3t 4,
Evalaute
: a.G t - 2 b.G t G 2
G(1)

c.
d. G
G(3)

YourTurnpage234

7. Evaluate
thedifferencequotient
forf x x2 1
YourTurnpage235

5. Letf x 3 x 2x2.
8. If f x x- 2 andg x 2x23x 5
Compute
: - f - x
Find: a.f g x b.g f x
ClassroomEx.3.1.7 page233

DIFFERENCE
QUOTIENT

f x h f x
Theexpression
, whereh 0,
h
iscalledthedifference
quotient.

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION

Week 8
Day 1

All the possible values of x is called the domain and

all the possible values of y is called the range. In a
set of ordered pairs, the set of first elements and
second elements of ordered pairs is the domain and
range,
respectively.
EXAMPLE:
Write the answers in set notation
and interval notation.

1. Findthedomain
andrangeof thefunctions.
x 1
a.f x 2
b. f x 3 9 3x
2x 32
3
x
1

x
c. f x 3
d. f x 2
x
x 1
Classroom
Ex.3.1.10 page237

Week 8
2. Findthedomain
andrangeof thefunctions.
Day 1

1
a.f x x 3
b. f x 2
x 4
YourTurnPage237

3. Findthedomainandrangeof thefunctions.
a. f x x2 2x 5 andfindthevaluesof x
thatcorrespond
s tog x 0

b.f x x 16
c. P x
e. y x

1
2

x2
25 x2

2 t
d.Q t
t 3

#s97,91,88,70
page241

TODAYS OBJECTIVE

Week 8
Day 2

At the end of the lesson the students are

expected to:
Recognize and graph common functions.
Classify functions as even, odd, or neither.
Graph piecewise-defined function.
Graph greatest integer function.
Add, subtract, multiply and divide functions.
Evaluate composition of functions.
Determine the domain of functions resulting from
operations on and composition of functions.
Find the inverse of a function

Week 8
Day 2

KINDS OF FUNCTIONS AND ITS

GRAPHS

DEFINITION

Week 8
Day 2

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
If f(x) is a function, then its graph is the set of all points
(x,y) in the
two-dimensional plane for which (x,y) is
an ordered pair in f(x).

One way to graph a function is by point plotting.

We can also find the domain and range from the

graph of a function.

Week 8
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the following
Day 2
functions and state the domain and range in interval
notation.
NAME
FUNCTION
f x 3x 5
1. Linear
2.Constant
3. Identity
4.Square

f x 6
f x x

5.Cube
6.Square root
7.Cube root
8.Absolute value

f x 2x3

9.Reciprocal

f x x2 5
f x 16 x2

f x 3 x
f x 2x 5
1
f x 2
x 25

Week 8
Day 2
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
The term even is used to describe functions that are
symmetric with respect to the y-axis or vertical axis.
The term odd is used to describe functions that are
symmetric with respect to the origin.
Functio
n

Symmetric wrt

On replacing x
with -x

Even

y-axis or vertical
axis

f(-x)= f(x)

Odd

origin

f(-x)=-f(x)

Week 8
Day 2
EXAMPLE

Determine
if thesefunctions
areeven,oddorneither.

a. f x 3x3 x5

c. f x 3x3 x5

b.f x 3x3 x5

d. f x 3x3 x5 1

5 2

e. f x 3x x
3

Classroom
Ex.3.2.1

Week 8
Day 2

PIECEWISE DEFINED
FUNCTIONS
A piecewise defined function is defined by different
formulas on different parts of its domain.

AMPLE: Graph the piecewise-defined function, and state the

domain and range in interval notation.

x2 x 1

1. G x 1 -1 x 1
x
x 1

Example
#5page254

x -1
x

2.f x 2
- 1 x 1
x
x 1

YourTurn page256

Week 8
Day 2

0 t 0
3. H t
1 t 0
Example
page256

GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

Thegreatest
integer
function
isdefinedby

Week 8
Day 2

lessthanorequaltox
x greatestinteger
Example:

0 0

1.1

3.4 3

0.1

1.2

0.3

3.4 -4

1.9

0.9 -1

0.9 0

2.1 2

LEAST INTEGER FUNCTION

Theleastinteger
functionisdefinedby

Week 8
Day 2

x leastintegergreaterthanorequaltox
EXAMPLE:

1.1

3.4

0.1 1

1.2

3.4 -3

0.3 1

1.9

0.9

0.9 1

1 1

2.1

0 0

AMPLE: Graph the greatest integer functionf x x

Week 8
Day 2

OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
AND
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

Week 8
Day 2

OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION
NOTATION
Sum
f g x f x g x
Difference
Product
Quotient

DOMAIN
Df Dg

f g x f x g x

Df Dg

f g x f x g x

Df Dg

f x
f

g x
g

Df Dg g x 0

EXAMPLE

1. Let f x 1 23 x and g x -43 x

f
Compute
: f g, f - g, f g, and .
g
Statethedomains.
Classroom
Ex.3.4.1page280
2. Let f x 3 x and g x 3x - 6
f
Compute
: andstatethedomains.
g
Classroom
Ex.3.4.2page281

Week 8
Day 2

COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
NOTATI
ON

WORDS

fg

f composed
with g

g f

g composed
with f

DEFINITI
ON

f g x
g f x

Week 8
Day 2
DOMAIN

The set of all real numbers x

in the domain of g such that g(
is also in the domain of f.

The set of all real numbers x

in the domain of f such that f(x
is also in the domain of g.

EXAMPLE

Week 8
Day 2

1. Let f x 2 x and g x -x2 4

Compute
: f g andg f , andstatethedomain.
Classroom
Ex.3.4.3page282
1
1
2. Let f x
and g x
x 1
x
determinef g andstateitsdomain.
Example
#4page283

3. Let f x x2 - 7 and g x 5 x2
evaluatea.f g 1 b. f g - 2
c.g f 3 d. g f - 4
Example
#6page284

INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
If f is a one-to-one function determined by the set of
ordered pairs (x,y), then there is a function f 1 , called
the inverse function of f, such that its set consists of
the ordered pairs (y,x) defined by
x = f 1 (y) if and only if y = f (x)
The domain of f 1 is the range of f and the range of f 1 is
the domain of f.

EXAMPLE

1. Verifythat f -1 x 1 3 2
istheinverse
of f x 3 x 2 1
Classroom
Ex.3.5.4page293
2. Determine
theinverse
of thefollowing
functions
andstatethedomain
andrange
a.f x 1- 3x b. g x 2 x 1
Classroom
Example
3.5.7page297

Week 8
Day 2

EXAMPLE

3. a.Findtheinverse
of thefunction
f x x if itexists.
Example
#8page298
4
b. Thefunctiong x
,x 1
x 1
isaone- to- onefunction.
Find itsinverse
YourTurn page297

Week 8
Day 2

5x 1
Find the inverse of f ( x )
1 5x

x 1
A) f ( x )
5( x 1)

x 1
B) f ( x )
5( x 1)
1

C) f 1 ( x )

1
5

f x

0
f ( x)

D) Not a one - to - one function. 4