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Design
Overview
Temperature
Co
Temperature
Driving
Only
t1
Cold Fluid
qc
t2
T1
Hot Fluid
qh
T2
Counter-Current Flow
t1
T2
Cold Fluid
qc
t2
Hot Fluid
qh
T1
4
T1
T1
T2
Cold Fluid
t2
Temperature
Temperature
Hot Fluid
t2
Hot Fluid
Cold Fluid
T2
t1
t1
Distance Along the Flow Path
In
1
1 Lm 1
R
U
hi km ho
Q UAt
qh qc mhC ph Th mc C pc Tc
7
Very
dQ U (T t )adL
dQ WCdT wcdt
Gives
t2 t1
t LMTD
ln t2 t1
10
t1
Cold Fluid
T1
Hot Fluid
qc
t2
qh
T2
(T1 t1 ) (T2 t2 )
t LMTD
ln (T1 t1 ) (T2 t2 )
For Counter Current
Flow LMTD
t1
T2
Cold Fluid
Hot Fluid
(T1 t2 ) (T2 t1 )
t LMTD
ln (T1 t2 ) (T2 t1 )
11
qc
t2
qh
T1
Tc T2 Fc (T1 T2 )
Caloric Temperature
for Cold Fluid
tc t1 Fc (t2 t1 )
13
Fc
t1 tc
r
t2 th
14
15
t1 80 F
0
Cold Fluid
T2 200 F
0
Hot Fluid
qc
t2 120 0 F
qh
T1 300 F
0
16
0.667
th 300 120
0
t
120
80
40
F
T1 T2 300 200 100 F 1 2
0
K c 0.68
r 0.667
Fc 0.42
K c 0.1
The larger value of Kc corresponds to the controlling
heat transfer coefficient which is assumed to establish
the variation of U with temperature
17
The
is
ho
t w tc
Tc tc
hio ho
hio
tw Tc
Tc tc
hio ho
hio
t w tc
Tc tc
hio ho
ho
tw Tc
Tc tc
hio ho
19
To permit
20
The
21
4 Flow _ Area
De 4 rH
4
Wetted _ Perimeter
4 D22 D12
D1
22
D22 D12
D1
Pressure Drop
In
4 Flow _ Area
4
Wetted _ Perimeter
4 D22 D12
( D2 D1 )
23
D2 D1
Concentric Pipe
24
Fluid in the
Annulus
Outside Dia. of
Inner Pipe (D1)
Fluid Inside
Inner Pipe
25
26
Parts
28
in construction
Small heat transfer surface area
Occupy large space
Leakage
However, is of greatest use where the
total required heat transfer surface is
small, 100 to 200 ft2 or less
29
Laminar Flow
DG c
hi D
1.86
k
For
13
0.14
Turbulent Flow
hi D
DG
0.027
0.8
13
w
30
0.14
31
32
Fouling Factors
Fouling Factors
Rdi Rdo
Rd
U D UC
UC
Entrance / exit losses for inner pipe is negligible, but for annuli it
may be significant, unless the velocity is well above 3 ft/sec
Allowance P of one velocity head, V2/2g, per hairpin is sufficient
35
36
4.
5.
6.
Inner Pipe
Flow Area
2
D
ap
, ft 2
4
Mass Velocity
m&p
Gp
, lb (hr )( ft 2 )
ap
Obtain at Tav, tavOR Tc, tc
, lb ( ft )(hr ) centipoise 2.42
Re p
DG p
4.
D2 D2
aAnnulus
a
2
1
4
Flow Area
D22 D12
De
D1
Ga
5.
m&a
aa
, lb (hr )( ft 2 )
Mass Velocity
37
Obtain jH ( jH vs DGp/)
hi D
jH
k
8.
9.
c
k
1 3
0.14
10. Convert
hi to hio
DeGa
Obtain jH ( jH vs DeGa/)
ho De
jH
c
k
1 3
0.14
8.
9.
Obtain ho from jH
38
Compute UC
hio ho
1 1
UC
Btu (hr )( ft 2 ) ( 0 F )
hio ho hio ho
12.
Compute UD
1
1 Rd
UD
UC
Q U D At
1.
2.
Inner Pipe
Obtain f
Find head loss
2
L Gp
Pp f p
Dp 2 p
1.
Annulus
D2e
D
Obtain
e D
D1
Rea DeGa
2.
Obtain fa L G 2
a
Pa f a
Find head D
loss
e 2a
41
Pa Pa , f Pl
3.
43
44
46
t (T1 t1 )
47
1 P
nR
1
R 1 1
2.3
log
R 1
R
R P
T1 T2
R
n t2 t1
T2 t1
P
T1 t1
t (T1 t1 )
1 P
n
1
2.3
log 1 R R
1 R
P
T1 t2
P
T1 t1
n(T1 T2 )
R
t2 t1
t (T1 t1 )
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
25 % cut baffles
55
56
25 % cut baffles
57
25 % cut baffles
58
50 % cut baffles
59
Orifice Baffles
62
Orifice Baffles
63
Baffles
Tube Pitch
66
Tube Pitch
67
Tube Pitch
68
Tube Pitch
69
1. Shell
2. Tube Sheets
3. Channels
4. Channel Cover
5. Transverse Baffles
6. Baffle Spacers
70
71
72
73
Number of Passes
Number of Passes
Number of Passes
77
78
t FT LMTD
FT
will be less than one due to the fact that the tube p
asses in parallel with the shell fluid do not contribute
so effective a temperature difference as those in count
er flow with it
It is not advisable or practical to use a 1-2 Exchanger
whenever the correction factor FT is less than 0.75
Instead some other arrangement is required which m
ore closely resembles counter flow
79
80
FT
R 2 1 2 R 1 ln 1 S 1 RS
ln
2 S 1 R 2 S
1 S 1 RS
2 S 1 R 2 S 1 S 1 RS
ONLY FOR
81
R 2 1
R 2 1
82
83
84
85
fG 2 Ds ( N 1)
Ps
2 Des
86
4n V 2
Pr
( psi )
s 2g
PT Pt Pr
87
conditions required
For
Tube Side
ID
Number
and Length
Baffle
Space (B)
Passes
OD, BWG,
Pitch
Passes
88
LMTD
T1 T2
R
t2 t1
t2 t1
S
T1 t1
t LMTD FT
Caloric
Temperature Tc & tc
89
Gs W as , lb hr. ft 2
6)Re
from De
De , square
De ,triangle
4 PT2 d o2 4
do
.Obtain
, at Tc, or Tav
Re s DeGs
Cold
at N t at 144n, ft 2
5)Mass
Velocity
Gt w at , lb hr. ft
6)Re,
Calculation of an Existing
1-2 Exchanger
Obtain jH for fig. 28
8) Pr no.
At Tc obtain cp & k
7)
Compute (c/k)1/3
9) ho
10)
7)
j
Compute
i
H(c/k)
1/3 t
De k
9) ho
8)
k c
ho jH
s
De k
ho s
t w tc
Tc tc
hio t ho s
10)
hio hi ID
t t OD
91
Calculation of an Existing
1-2 Exchanger
11)Obtain
w and
11)
0.14
s
w
12)Corrected ho
ho
ho s
s
Obtain w and
t
w
12)
0.14
Corrected hio
hio
hio t
92
Calculation of an Existing
1-2 Exchanger
13)
14)
hio ho
Uc
hio ho
A aLN t ( ft )
15)
Dirt Factor Rd
UD
Uc U D
Rd
U cU D
At
Calculation of an Existing
1-2 Exchanger
1)Friction
1)Friction
factor, f
For Res obtain f, ft2/in2 fr
om Fig. 29
2)Number of Crosses
N+1 = 12 L / B
3)Shell Side Pressure Dro
p
factor, f
For Ret obtain f, ft2/in2 fro
m Fig. 26
2)Tube Losses
fGt 2 Ln
Pt
( psi )
10
5.22
10 D(Fig.27)
3)Return
Losses
e st
4n V 2 62.5
Pr
( psi )
s 2 g 144
2
fGs Ds ( N 1)
4)Tube side pressure drop
Ps
(
psi
)
10
5.22 10 De ss
PT Pt Pr
94
Solution Exchangers
Do
example 7. 6
98
example 7.8
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
107
Gases (Chapter # 9)
Properties
of gases
Pressure drop
Density of gas
Example 9.1
109
Chapter # 11 (Designing)
Rating an exchanger
In
So solution of UD
110
Design of an Exchanger
Design of an Exchanger
When
Design of an Exchanger
The
LMTD
T1 T2
R
t2 t1
t2 t1
S
T1 t1
Assume
Compute
It
116
117
118
119
120
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122
123
124
125
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127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
137