Society, Culture and Family Planning with Population Education

Society, Culture and Family Planning
with Population Education

Mylene G. Almario
Instructor
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the systematic study of social behaviour
and human groups. It focuses primarily on the
influence of social relationships upon peoples
attitudes and behaviour and on how societies are
established and change.
It deals with families, gangs, business firms,
computer networks, political parties, schools,
religions, and labour unions. It is concerned with love,
poverty, conformity, technology, discrimination,
illness, alienation, overpopulation and community.
DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY
George
Simmel - it is a subject which studies

human inter-relationship.
Max Weber it is a science which attempts
imperative understanding of social actions.
Sorokin - sociology is a study first of all the
relationship and correlations between various
classes, second between the social and non
social aspects of life and, third it studies
general characteristics common to all classes
of society.
DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY
Ogburn
- sociology is concerned with the

study of social life and its relations to the
factors of culture, natural environment,
heredity and group.
Emile Durkheim - It is the science of collective
representation.
E.S Bugardus - Sociology may be defined as
the study of the ways in which social
experiences function in developing, maturing
and repressing human beings through interpersonal stimulations.
WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY?

To
obtain factual information about our society

and different aspects of our social life.
To
understand our society and to analyse the

social factors causing problems.
To
learn the application of scientific

methodology.
To
enhance broad-mindedness and tolerance

of the ways of the other people.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION

According
to Charles Wright Mills, it is the

ability to see the relation between our personal
life and the social world. It enables us to see
things beyond our established ways of acting and
behaving, and gain a better grasp of the situation
by relating oneself to the bigger society. It is a
set of mind that enables us to locate ourselves in
the period in which we live and study the events
in our personal lives against events in society,
thus gaining a wider freedom.
It can help us understand what is happening to us
and why such social phenomena occur.
SOCIOLOGY IS A SCIENCE?
According
to Robert Stead sociology is a social

science and not a natural science, because it deals
with human beings and social phenomena. It is
positive and not normative science because it studies
social phenomena as it is and not as it ought to be. It is
pure and not applied science because it studies
underlying factors of a social phenomenon. Sociology
is an abstract and not a concrete science because it
studies society in general. It is a science of
generalization and not that of particularization because
it studies a social problem in general and not in
particular way. It does not study a social phenomenon
from a particular angle. It is an empirical or rational
science because it tries to follow logical method of
data collection.
SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

Anthropology
is the study of humanity and the

similarities and diversity of culture.
Psychology it is mainly interested in a wide range
of mental, psychological, and behavioural processes.
Economics concerned with the human activities
related to the production, consumption, and
distribution of goods, services, and wealth within
societies.
Political Science concerned with the history and
theory of government.
History the study of past events of human beings.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EUROPE
Auguste Comte (French)
-he coined term sociology which derived from the
Latin word socius (social/being with others), and Greek
logos (study/science).
-Father of Sociology
He believed that in order to improve society the
theoretical science of society should be developed and
a systematic investigation of behaviour should be
carried.
-Positive Philosophy a book summarizes the stages
of development of all knowledge about humanity.
Karl
Marx (Germany)
- He wrote Communist Manifesto together with
his life-long friend Friedrich Engels.
- In Marxs analysis, society was fundamentally
divided between two classes i.e. Bourgeoisie
and Proletariat who have opposite interests. In
his examination of industrial society, he saw
the factory as the centre of conflict between
the exploiters (the owners of the means of
production and the exploited (the workers).
Emile
-
Durkheim (France)
He was the first professor of Sociology in the
University of Paris. He taught and became a prolific
writer and critic.
He asserted that behaviour must be understood in
that larger social context, rather an individual
action.
Division of Labour in the Society rapid social
change and specialized division of labour produce
strains in society.
Suicide showed the relationship between the
individual and the society when the values of life
become dangerous.
Max
-
Weber (Germany)
He studied legal and economic history in the
University of Heidelberg, where he obtained his
doctorate degree at the age of 25. He taught to his
student
the
Verstehen
(sympathetic
understanding of the mind of others).
He believed that understanding human action by
examining the subjective meaning that people
attach to their own behaviour and the behaviour of
others.
The significance of the subjective
perceptions of power, wealth, ownership, and social
prestige, as well as the objective aspects of these
factors.
Henri
-
Saint-Simon
He believed that the law of human behaviour
could be determine in the same manner that
the law of nature had been arrived at by
natural scientist.
Herbert
-
Spencer
His theory of social evolution espoused the
idea that societies develop from relative
homogeneity and simplicity to heterogeneity
and complexity. (survival of the fittest)
Other sociologist were:
George Simmel
Ferdinand Toennies
Wilfredo Pareto
Karl Mannheim
UNITED STATES
Robert E. Park pioneered in the multidisciplinary approach and social ecology.
James Adams popular female social thinkers
who studies in the impoverished areas of Chicago.
Charles Horton Cooley
Herbert Mead
W.I Thomas
- They formulated theories emphasizing the
importance of social interaction in the development
of human thought of action (Symbolic Interaction
Perspective)
William
Summer collected data on the customs

and moral laws of different societies.
Talcott Parsons he was the founder of the
sociology department in Harvard, developed
general theory of action that analysed social
phenomena ranging from individual behaviour to
the larger structure of society. He was a follower of
Durkheim.
Robert K. Merton known for the middle-range
theory (concerning with linking general theory to
empirical testing and developing concept of social
structure functions, self-fulfilling prophecies,
deviance, and bureaucracies).
PHILIPPINES
-It was introduced in the Philippines after the Spanish
Regime. First thought by Fr. Valentin Marin to
criminology at UST, using social philosophical way.
-It was followed by American educators named A.W Salt
and Murray Barlett (UP-D),Clyde Heflin (Silliman
University in Dumaguete).
-Some Filipino educators named Condrado Benitez and
Luis Rivera also taught sociology in western
orientation.
-Serafin N. Macaraeg view sociology as a problemoriented discipline using scientific view but wasnt
successful.
-
Social sciences studies made by western social

sciences on Philippine ethnic group when sociology and
anthropology were merged by H. Otley Beyer.
Significance of social facts increasingly became popular
in
decision-making,
and
Benicio
Catapusan
benchmark the data collection to the rural community
of different region.
Philippine Sociological Society (PSS) was organized
by different universities such as (ADMU, UP-D and SUD). The objective of the organization is to increase
knowledge about social behaviour, gather data about
social problems, train social sciences teachers and
develop cooperation to the other countries.
-
Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC)

(1968), was formed to improved the quality and
relevance of the social sciences. The PSSC
Committee drafted a set of guidelines regarding
the sets of responsibilities of social scientists in
the New Society. It stated that Filipino social
scientist had made significant contribution to
society and urged them to continue their tasks
under the new social order.
Some Filipino sociologists named: Randolf
David, Cynthia Bautista, Sylvia Guerrero, Fr.
Renato A. Ocampo, and Ledevina V. Cario.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN
SOCIOLOGY
Structural Functionalism Perspective
-It
also referred as social system theory,
equilibrium theory, or functionalism.
The society is composed of interrelated parts,
each of which serves a function and contributes to
the overall stability of the society. Societies
develop social structure or institutions that persist
because they play a part in helping society
survive. These institutions include the family,
education,
government,
religion,
and
the
economy. If anything adverse happens to one of
these institutions or part are affected and the
system no longer functions properly.
SOCIOLOGY
Conflict Perspective
-A group in society are engaged in a continuous power
struggle for control of scare resources. Conflict may
take the form of politics, litigation, negotiations or
family discussions about financial matter. Simmel,
Marx and Weber contributed significantly to this
perspective by focusing on the inevitability of clashes
between social groups. Today, advocates of the
conflict perspective view social continuous power
struggle among competing social group.
Conflict theorists are primarily concerned with the
kinds of changes that can bring about, whereas
functionalists look for stability and consensus.
SOCIOLOGY
Symbolic Interaction Perspective
-It focuses on the communication aspects or
language that enables the individual to develop a
personal identity within a society with members
having scripted statuses and roles.
-It involves the individuals in the society , their
definitions or perceptions of situations, meanings,
roles, and interaction patterns.
-The
society is reflected in every socialized
individual, and its external forms an structures are
likewise reflected through the social institutions
occurring among individuals at the symbolic level.
SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

To
understand the observable social world.
To
test or verify a hypothesis.
To
present repetitive human pattern of

behaviour according to logically related
hypothesis and supported by empirical
evidence.
To
be meaningful.
STEPS IN CONDUCTING SOCIOLOGICAL

INQUIRY
Define
the research problem and review

related literature.
Formulate the hypothesis.
Plan the research design.
Gather the data.
Analyse the data.
Check or verify the results.
Communicate the results to others.
METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN IN
SOCIOLOGY
Experimental
Method it is a method for studying

the relation between two or more variables under
highly controlled conditions.
Survey
Research it involves a systematic and
large-scale collection of information from people and
about the people through the use of questionnaire.
Field Research (Participant Observation) the
researcher/s goes to the field lives with the people
for some months, and participates in their activities
in order to know and feel their culture.
Participatory Research this method utilizes the
people who are the actual targets of the
development projects, in the entire research process.
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN

Observation
it uses various senses in studying a

social phenomenon or social behaviour. It can be overt
or covert.
Interviews
Structured interview the researcher followed a more
definite order of questions.
Unstructured interview the researcher leaves the it to
the key informants to guide the conversation.
- Interview can also be guided by a questionnaire.
Historical Research this involves the continuous
and systematic search for information and knowledge
about past events related to the life of a person, a
group, society, or the world.
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN

Life
History study of personal life of a

person.
Case Study an extensive examination of a
specific group over a long period of time is
carried out. Ex. A case study of a drug addict, a
prostitute, a professional or a gang.
Content Analysis this involves the analysis
of how people communicate and the messages
people talk or write about.
Use of films and Tape recorder used to
gain more accurate data such as the visual
information and to preserve in formation.
SOCIETY AND GROUP
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN
A). Origin of Species (Sir Charles Darwin)
It traced the biological evolution of living
organisms from simple unicellular amoeba to
the most complex multi cellular organism like
human being.
B). Theory of Creation
EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
A) Hunting and Gathering Society
-It is the oldest and the simplest form of society. It was
also characterized by a small and sparse population
and having a nomadic way of life and a very primitive
technology. They have the most primitive tools such as
stone axes, spears and knives. (e.g. Eskimo tribe)
B) Horticultural Society
-It was associated with the elementary discovery that
plants can be grown from seeds. While herding is
common in areas with poor soil, horticultural is more
common as means of subsistence in regions with
fertile soil.(e.g. Masai tribe in Kenya)
EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
Agricultural or Feudal Society
-This society introduced the harnessing of animal power.
The mode of production of the hunter gathering society
which produces none of its food, and the horticultural
society which produces food in small gardens rather
than big fields. (e.g. early Egyptian society)
Industrial Society
-This is a society based on the modern scientific
knowledge. (e.g. European modern era)
Post-Industrial Society
-It described the economic and social changes in the
late twentieth century.
SOCIAL GROUPS
SOCIAL GROUP
Society
- It includes the totality of social organizations and
the
complex
network
of
interconnected,
interdependent, and overlapping social relationships.
-A large social grouping whose members share the
same geographical territory and are subject to the
political
authority
and
dominant
cultural
expectations.
-According to Perucci and Knudsen: Society have two
aspects. A) society is external to individual B) The
members perceive society and its experiences as a
constraints upon their lives.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
GROUPS
Collection
of individuals.
Interaction among members.
Mutual awareness.
We-feeling.
Group unity and solidarity.
Common interests.
Group norms.
Size of the groups.
Groups are dynamics.
Stability.
SOCIAL GROUP
Clusters of the Society
Aggregates a number of persons cluster but
do not interact with each other. (Example: people
standing in a street corner waiting for a jeepney)
Social Category the groups whose members
may never met and do not interact socially, but
possess common identifying status characteristics.
(Example: males, females, infants, adults)
Collectivity temporary group like crowds,
masses, public, and social movements interacting
with each other, but the interactions are passing or
short-lived.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
PRIMARY GROUP
SECONDARY GROUP
They are characterized

by
intimacy,
sympathetic
understanding
and
friendliness among the
members.
The small face-to-face
structures,
where
personalities are fused
into common whole.
- They tend to impose the

patterns of conformity on
their members.
- They serve to offset the
prejudices or vested control
of the immediate locality.
- This may be observed in
the planning of business,
labour, economic, political
and religious organizations.

GEMEINSCHAFT
-
Close
communal
relationship or community.
It is a community of
intimate,
private,
and
exclusive
living
and
familism.
They
live
and
work
together and share a
common
language,
traditions, and customs
which are not questioned.
GESSELSCHAFT
-
Organized
impersonal
relationship or society.
There is division of labour,
specialization,
functional
dependence, and solidarity
or cohesion are achieved.
The members are guided by
rational will characterized
by
forethought
and
deliberation.

IN-GROUP
-
The individual identifies

and which gives on her
a sense of belonging,
solidarity, camaraderie,
espirits de corps, and a
protective
attitude
towards
the
other
members.
we are in
OUT-GROUP
-
It is a group which an
individual
is
in
sufficient
contact
with as to be aware
of its existence, but
he or she is prone to
criticize.
they are out

FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS
-
They are social structures

which are deliberately
organized
for
the
attainment of specific
goals which meet their
most fundamental needs.
Examples:
schools,
hospitals,
churches,
industrial establishments,
etc.
INFORMAL GROUPS
-
They
are
within
the
structure
of
formal
organizations.
They may introduced new
and unofficial goals into
the
group,
redefine
channels
of
communications
and
interactions, or create new
procedures to get job
done.
RACE AND ETHNICITY

RACE
-
The classification of
humans according to
physical
characteristics
transmitted at birth to
a group of people.
It is biological concept
is determined on the
basis of a groups
blood line.
ETHNICITY
-
The
culturally
defined
differences
between
ethnic
group in the society.
It involves a sharing
of culture and certain
culture traits.
RACE AND ETHNICITY

Ethnic Group
- It refers to the group with common cultural
backgrounds.
-The theory of definition of the situation in ethnic
group relations implies that, what is important is
not the physical characteristics that identify a
group but how such relationship determine the
feeling of belonging to each other.
-The Philippine population is composed of Christian
Malay(91.5%), Muslim Malay (4%), Chinese (1.5%),
and other cultural minorities (3%).
RACE AND ETHNICITY

Minority Group
-It refers to the group that is numerically lesser than the rest
of the population. There are in a non-dominant position,
whose members possess ethnic, religious, or linguistic
characteristics which distinguish them from the rest of the
population.
-Some features of minority group are:
a.The members suffer various disadvantages at the and of
the another group.
b.They are identified by group characteristics that are
socially visible.
c.It is a self-conscious group with a strong sense of
oneness).
CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETY
CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETY

Culture
-It is that complex whole which includes knowledge belief,
art, law, morals custom and other capabilities and habit
acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward Taylor)
-It is the complex whole that consists of all the ways we
think and do and everything we have as member of
society. (Robert Bierstadt)
-The realm of styles of values of emotional attachments of
intellectual adventures. (MacIver and Page)
Therefore, culture define as the sum total of behaviour
traits which a person, comes to acquire through
instruction and learning.
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
Culture
defines situations.
Culture
is the treasury of knowledge.
Culture
provides behaviour patterns.
Culture
defines attitudes, values and goals.
Culture
models personality.
Culture
decides our careers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture
is learned.
Culture
is transmitted.
Culture
is social and collective.
Culture
is ideational.
Culture
is gratifying.
Culture
is adaptive.
Culture
is an integrated whole.
Culture
is shared.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
A. Knowledge - the total range of what has been or
perceived as true. It includes:
a)Natural knowledge the accumulated facts about
the natural world, including both the biological and
physical aspects.
b)Technological knowledge these are useful in
dealing practical problems.
c)Supernatural knowledge the perception about the
actions of gods, demons, angels or spirits.
d)Magical
knowledge perceptions about the
methods of influencing supernatural events by
manipulating certain laws of nature.
B. Norms It pertains to societys standards of
propriety, morality, ethics and legality. Some
examples are: eating, talking, dressing, cooking,
courtship, child rearing, working, spending leisure
time and some special occasions.
-It was divided into three: folkways, mores and
laws.
i. Folkways are commonly known as the
customs, traditions, and conventions of society.
Example: In the Tagalog areas, people eat
three times a day with merienda in the afternoon.
ii. Mores - norms people consider vital to their well
being and most cherished values; they are special
customs with moral and ethical significance, which are
strongly held and emphasized.
Kinds of Mores
1.Positive mores/Duty - it refers to the behavior,
which must and ought to be done because they are
ethically and morally good. E.g. Giving assistance to the
poor and needy.
2.Negative
mores/Taboo - it refers to societal
prohibitions on certain acts which must not be done
because they are not only illegal, but amoral and
unethical. E.g. incest, rape, cannibalism, murder etc
iii. Laws - these are formalized norms enacted
by people vested with legitimate authority. They
are group expectations, which have formal
sanction by the state.
Examples: Republic Acts, Revised Penal Code of
the Philippines, statutes and Batas Pambansa.
C. Ideas, Beliefs and Values
i.Ideas - the non-materials aspects of culture and
embody mans conception of his physical and
cultural world. E.g. idea of a marriage, an
educated person
ii.Beliefs - the persons conviction about a certain
idea, it embodies peoples perception of reality
and includes the primitive ideas of the universe as
well as the scientists empirical view of the world.
E.g. spirits, life after death, superstitions
iii.Values - abstract concept of what is important
and worthwhile. E.g. nationalism, heroism
D. Material Culture - the concrete and tangible
objects produced and used by man to satisfy his
varied needs and wants. It ranges from the prehistoric stone tools and weapons to sophisticated
and modern spaceships and weapons of mass
destruction. E.g. artifacts (simple man-made tools
and objects such as knapped flint, which presents
evidence of an ancient culture).
E. Symbols - refers to an object, gesture, sound,
color or design that represent something other than
itself . E.g. Cross for Christianity, Dove for peace.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Cultural Relativism - states that cultures differ, so that a
cultural act trait, act, idea has no meaning or function by
itself, but has a meaning only within its cultural setting.
Culture Shock - the feeling of disbelief, disorganization
and frustration one experiences when he encounters
cultural patters or practices which are different from his.
Ethnocentrism - the tendency to see the behaviors,
beliefs, values, and norms of ones owns group as the only
right way of living and to judge other by those standards.
Xenocentrism - the idea that what is foreign is best and
that ones lifestyle, products or ideas are inferior to those
others.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Noble Savage Mentality - the evaluation of ones
culture that of others based on the romantic notion that
the culture and way of life of the primitives or other
simple cultures is better, more acceptable, and more
orderly.
Subculture - the smaller group which develop norms,
values, beliefs and special languages which make them
distinct from the broader society.
Counterculture or contra-culture - the subgroups
whose standards come in conflict with and oppose the
conventional standards of the dominant culture.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Culture Lag - the gap between the material and
non-material culture.
Cultural Diversity - the differences and variety of
beliefs practices, values and meanings to each
culture universal by the members of a society or
by different cultural group.
Universal Patterns of Culture - the broad areas
of social living found in all societies. The features
and elements common to all cultures rather than
to the special culture traits.
PHILIPPINE VALUES
VALUES
INCONSISTENCY AND CONFLICT
A) Affective a persons choice is prized and

cherished, and the person publicly affirms it. (e.g. ones
valuing his/her professions, but not saying teacher lang po ako)
B) Behavioural if ones values something, he or she

shows this in his or her actions, acts positively about
it, and does it habitually. (e.g. values honestly does not cheat
because it is he right thing to do not because someone is watching)
C) Cognitive something that ones values should be

chosen freely from alternatives after careful thought.
(e.g. A woman who decides to marry must have a good reason in
doing so.)
BASIC FILIPINO VALUES

Emotional
closeness and security in a

family, however it tends to make the Filipino
a nation of dependent people.
Approval from authority and of society.
Economic and social betterment. This can
be considered a positive value, but negates
itself if one goes to the extent of selling
oneself and sacrificing other values.
Patience, endurance and suffering.
ADOPTED FILIPINO VALUES

Equal
opportunity
Achievement and success
Material comfort
Activity and work
Practically and efficiency
Progress
Science
Democracy and free enterprise
Freedom
Racism and group superiority
KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN

PHILIPPINE WAY OF LIFE
Non-rationalism
-
States
that
the
people have to adapt
themselves to nature
and
the
forces
outside themselves.
Rationalism
-
The belief that one

can actively control
and manipulate his
or her destiny by
systematic planning,
studying,
and
training.

Personalism
-
It attach to the major

importance
to
personal
factors
which
guarantees
intimacy,
warmth
and
security
of
kinship,
and
friendship in getting
things done.
Interpersonalism
-
The
tendency
to
eliminate
the
influence
the
friendship or kinship
in working situation.

Particularism
-
A person concerns is
centred on subgroups
made up of relatives,
friends,
colleagues,
associates, religious
affiliates of his/her
ethnical
regional
group.
Ethical rules
Universalism
-
A persons concern is
the advancement of
the
collective
national good.
Legal rules

Filipino Nationalism
-The advocacy of making ones own nation
distinct and separate from others in the
intellectual, social, cultural, economic, political,
and moral matters.
-It is the feeling of oneness among the nationals
who seek to establish the identity and the good
of the nation in these matters.
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF
Questions:
How does a newly born baby become a human
or social being?
How much our personality determine by our
biological inheritance (nature)?
How much our personality determine by sociocultural environment (nurture)?
PERSONALITY AND THE SOCIAL SELF

Human Development
Nature
-
Biological
traits
transferred from parents
to
offspring
through
genes
in
the
chromosomes of the sex
are
composed
of
biological
structures,
psychological
process,
reflexes, urges, capacity,
intelligence, and other
physical traits.
Nurture
-
Influence
ones
action patterns and
motivational
skills,
factual
knowledge,
values and tastes.
It is
the sociocultural activity in
the environment.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Freuds Theory of Socialization
According to Sigmund Freud, personality

consisted of the three major systems,
namely: the id, ego, and superego.
A. Id is the biological component which is the
source of a number of drives and urges.
B. Ego the mediator between the needs of the
individual and the real world.
C. Superego the moral arm of the personality,
representing the traditional rules, values and
ideals of the society.
-
Stages of Development
1) Oral Stage from birth to one year old. Eating
(sucking) is the major satisfaction of this stage that gives
the baby nourishment and pleasure. Freud described this
stage as one primary narcissism or self-love.
2) Anal Stage from ages one to three years. The anal
zone become the centre of the childs sexual interest.
The influencing factors at this stage is toilet training.
3) Phallic Stage between the ages of three to six years.
The greatest source of pleasure comes from the sex
organs. The child feels erotic desires towards the parents
of the opposite sex. (Oedipus Complex and Electra
Complex)
Stages of Development
4) Latency Stage from ages six to eleven or early
adolescent. Their energies are redirected into
concrete, socially acceptable pursuit such as sports,
games, and intellectual. The child possess new
composure and self-control.
5) Genital Stage (Puberty) they focus on the
opposite sex, look around for a potential lovepartner,
prepare
for
marriage
and
adult
responsibilities.
Symbolic Interactionism
-
This theory poses that the self-identity is

developed through the social interaction
with others, mediated by language in the
process of socialization.
Language is crucial in the development of
social-self.
The symbols that constitute a language
represent concepts by which the person
engaged in cooperative activity acquires the
attitudes of others involved in the activity.
Looking-Glass Self
-
Charles Horton Cooley

The ability of children to visualize
themselves through the eyes of others,
to imagine how they appear to others.
Three Elements of Looking-Glass Self

1. The imagination of how we appear to other
persons.
2. The imagination of the judgement of that
appearance.
3. A sort of self-feeling (pride or mortification).
-
Development of the Self
George Herbert Mead expanded the idea of
Cooleys idea of the social-self by relating the
idea of the self-concept to the role taking.
- Stages:
1. Play stage they acquire a sense of self when
they develop the me or self-consciousness
by seeing themselves through the responses.
2. Game stage - they visualize their own action
as a part of a whole pattern of group activity.
-
Dramaturgical Approach
-
Erving Goffman said that All the world is a

stage
The individuals are performing and acting for
their audience in everyday life.
This theory elaborated the idea of role (acting
in accordance with the expected norms
attached to a particular position) and role
performance (the actual conduct of the role
in accordance with the position).
Example: a priest/nun expected to be humble and
compassionate
SOCIALIZATION
DEFINITIONS OF SOCIALIZATION
Socialization
-It is a life long process which enables the individual
to learn the content of her/his culture and the many
behavioural patterns of the group to which s/he
belongs.
-It is process by which the helpless infant gradually
becomes self aware, knowledgeable person, skilled
in the ways of culture into which he or she is born.
(Anthony Giddens)
-It is a learning process of development of habits,
attitudes and traits that differentiate individual from
one another. (Anderson and Parker)
PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
Stages of Process of Socialization

1.Imitation
- self-conscious assumption of
anothers acts or roles.
2.Suggestion the process of communicating
information which has not logical or selfevident basis.
3.Identification the child cannot make a
difference between his/her own organism and
the environment.
4.Language - It is the medium of social
interaction.
AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION
Family
The family is a permanent, the most complete

and primary institution that looks after the
needs of an individual. It is usually the most
influential group in the childs life.
The child comes in contact with human beings
specially the mother and the child has
physical and social contact.
It serves as a mediator between the individual
and the other agencies of socialization.
The children learn to cooperate, compete,
accommodate.
Church
The children are brought to the church by

their parents as early as infancy and are
initiated early into saying their prayers and
forming a notion of God.
This is the agency where the children learn
the norms of conduct and codes of behaviour
set forth by the church. What s right and
wrong are delineated, and prescriptions of
rewards and punishments established.
Involvement in such organizations influences
the individuals outlook and attitudes.
School
It was considered to be an important formal

setting where the child spends many hours
together with friends and teachers.
This the first formal agency which exposes the
child to the rules of larger society.
This agency is responsible for inculcating
knowledge and skills, which prepare them for
adulthood and become productive and
effective citizens of the country, however,
many children from poor families cannot
afford higher education.
Peer Group
-
Peer group refers to people of almost the same

who share similar interests. The informal
grouping of two or more members, more or less
of the same age, neighbourhood, or school.
The office norm, or the unwritten rules of
behaviour, is a product of peer socialization.
This is the only agency of socialization not
controlled primarily by adults.
They had no definite set of goals except
companionship, thus, values were observed
such as utang na loob, pakikisama, or damay.
Workplace
Occupation brings about reality in front of the

person as the individual earns for survival to
fulfil his ambition. Personal goals and basic
needs are fulfilled.
The individual learns to cooperate, adjust with
others at the work place. This were provided
in the form of apprenticeship, orientation
sessions, and training seminars.
The commitment wherein the work becomes
part of the persons self-identity.
Mass Media
It refers to all instruments of communication such

as television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
movies, and records. Media imparts information
through audio visual and print.
Its function are primarily to inform, entertain, and
educate.
Radio and television programs transmit music and
other forms of entertainment to the viewers.
To children, television is very appealing, and has a
certain extent, become a substitute for activities
like reading or playing, however, some TV shows
are infused with sex, crime, scandals, or gossips.
GENDER SOCIALIZATION
First three word for a new born baby:
Its a boy or Its a girl
Sex
-Refers
to the biological or anatomical

differences between males and females.
Gender
-The
psychological, social,
and cultural
differences between males and females.
Gender socialization begins from the
moment that the baby was born.
POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION
The process by which people come to acquire political
attitudes and values. There are four types of political
socialization such as;
1. Manifest socialization - the certain values and
feelings towards a political system are directly
expressed.
2. Latent manifestation - there is no direct approach to
the problems, and that ideas are transmitted indirectly.
3. Particularistic socialization the political ideas of
individuals are directed towards a particular value, which
they are required to adhere and appreciate.
4. Universalistic socialization - the political energies are
not directed in one direction, but a liberal outlook is
developed.
-
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Family
The simplest form of social institution each

members have its own role in the society. It
unites the individuals into cooperative group
to oversee the bearing and raising of children.
The family is built on kinship based on blood,
marriage, and adoption.
It consists of a social structure providing a
more or less stable framework for the
performance of reciprocal roles and of certain
functions to make the relationship enduring..
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on internal organization/membership

A. Nuclear Family
-It is composed of a husband and his wife and their
children in a union recognized by the other
members of the family. A nuclear family classified
into two:
1.Family of Orientation (origin) the family into
which one is born, and where one is reared or
socialized.
2.Family of Procreation the family established
through marriage and consists of a husband, a
wife, sons and a daughter.
Fig. 1.1. Nuclear Family
Family of
Orientation
Family of
Procreation
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
B. Extended Family
-It is composed of two or more nuclear families,
economically and socially related to each other.
-The extensions may be through the parentchild relationship; where the unmarried and
married children lives with their families live
with their parents.
-This type of family emphasizes independent
residence, strong allegiance to the members,
romantic love, and sexual attraction.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based of Structure
A. Conjugal Family
-The spouse and their offspring as of prime
importance
and
which
has
a
fringe
comparatively unimportant relatives. Marital
bond is emphasized.
B. Consanguine Family
- The nucleus of blood relatives as more
important than the spouses. Blood relationships
formed during are emphasized.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Descent
A. Patrilineal
-Descent affiliates a person with a group of
relatives through his or her father.
B. Matrilineal
-Descent affiliates a person with a group of
relatives related through his or her mother.
C. Bilateral
- Descent affiliates a person with a group of
relatives related both to his and her parents.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Residence
A. Patrilocal
-The newly weds are expected to live in the same
house close to the grooms family and common in rural
areas.
- This is consistent with the expectation of society that
a man must always provide for the needs of his
family.
B. Matrilocal
-The wife brings her husband to her parents house.
This is most common when the wife is the only
child/daughter or the last of the offspring to get
married.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Residence
C. Neolocal
-The couple established residence independent and
far form their parents residence.
-This is most prevalent in the urban areas and
couples are financially stable.
D. Bilocal
-The couple has the option to live either with the
brides or grooms family.
-The couple resorted to this method if they are
financially stable.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Authority
A. Patriarchal Family
-It gives the oldest male (husband-male) control
over the rest of the members. This is most
dominant in many societies since the biblical times.
-The males speak for the familial group with regard
to property relationship, legal obligations, and
criminal offenses.
B. Matriarchal Family
- An extremely rare phenomenon, which is a system
where the wife-mother has the authority and power
over husband-father.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
C. Egalitarian Family
-The authority is divided more or less between
husband and wife. This is promoted by the
bilateral system of descent.
D. Matricentric Family
- The father commutes to work and his absence
gives the mother a dominant position in the
family, although the father may also share with
the mother in decision-making.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of the Family
Regulates
sexual behaviour
Reproduction
Performs
biological maintenance
Socialization
Status-placement
Welfare
and protection
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Social Change and the Family
-
The family can be a source of social change

instigator and a recipient as well.
More favourable attitude to working women and
mothers due to increase educational and job
opportunities, decrease number of children and
law protecting the womens and childrens rights.
Changing role structure of the family due to
employment of wives, household chores and child
care are shared with spouses.
Changing in the authority of husbands and father
due to wives increased economic independence.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
-
Decline of the familys influence on the individual

member if activities are carried outside the home.
Industrial system, economic individualism and
employment offers the individual the opportunity
to develop skills, and feel privileged to choose
mate personally.
More permissive norms and behaviour due to citylife urbanization where daily process of commuting
an working away from home tends to undercut
family ties.
Breakdown of consanguineal family as a functional
unit.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
-
Dual earner and dual career marriage

provision for the economic needs of the family
is responsibility of both spouses.
Mate selection due to independence we can
now select whom we want to marry.
Solo parenthood
Gender role (redefinition of roles)
Change patterns in child-rearing
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Economy
It refers to the structuring and functioning of the

development and utilization of human and
natural resources in the production, processing,
distribution, and consumption and material
goods and services.
It can influence habits, skills, knowledge,

expectations, motivations, aspirations, and
ideology.
It also affects social norms, values, and personal

relationships within the society.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Property
Sociology of Economy
the network of rights and duties of

one person as against all other persons and groups
with respects to some scarce goods.
Technology it consists of knowledge, skills, and
attitudes necessary to convert available resources
into objects people need or want.
Division of Labour represent the differentiation
of function performed by the individual member
and small groups of the society.
Organization
of Work concerned with
application of sociological principles to the study of
economic structures, changes in these structures,
and the values and ideologies related to them.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Economic Systems

Capitalism
it focuses on the right to own

private property, to invest it as capital
productive enterprises, and to obtain profits
form each investment.
Socialism based on the set political
theories
that
espouses
the
collective
ownership of the means of productions and
distribution of goods.
Communism it is a social, political, and
economic system whereby property is publicly
owned.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Function of Economy
1. Provides
physical subsistence necessary for

group survival in a society.
2. Generates social changes for the continuity of
society.
3. Maintain a balance with the other social
systems and its social subsystems in the
production, processing, distribution, and
consumption of economic goods and services.
4. Indicates the nature of social stratification in
the society, social class, and mobility
differences.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Religion
It is a universal and widespread phenomenon, a part of

the cultural system.
It is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to
sacred things, uniting into a single, moral community
all those who adhere to those beliefs and practices.
(Durkheim)
According to Edward Taylor (1968), religion came about
as people tried to comprehend occurrences and
conditions which they could not understand or explain.
According to Anthony Giddens, all religions involves a
set of symbols which arouses feelings of reverence and
awe, and are linked to ceremonial rituals such as
church services practiced by a community of believers.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Elements of Religion
1. Beliefs
set of institutionalized beliefs and

practices dealing with the ultimate meaning of
life. (e.g. engkanto)
2. The sacred (reverence) and the profane
(irreverence)
3. Rituals
(prayers,
songs
etc.)
and
ceremonies (baptism, wedding etc.)
4. Moral community the believers of the
religions who shares common beliefs, rituals,
and subjective experiences to heighten up
group identification.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of Religion
Functionalist Perspective
Religion provides explanation the unknown and
some measure of certainty in an unknown world.
Religion gives meaning and purpose to certain
beliefs and provides people with a perspective for
looking at the world.
Religion integrates and maintains the fundamental
values form the ultimate values of the Supreme Being
to the subordinate, material, and practical values.
Religion allays the fears and anxieties of an
individual by reassuring them of the care and
protection of their deity
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Religion has an integrative function and is
means of social cohesion or group solidarity.
Religion performs welfare, education and
recreation functions.
Religion serves as a means of social control.
Religion legitimizes the foundation of the
societys culture and integrates the value
system of society.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Social-Conflict Perspective
Religion is the opiate of the people. It can provide
unity for those with the faith, but it can spur conflict
between opposing religious group. (Karl Marx)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
It focused their attention on micro-level analysis
and examines the meanings and significance of the
teaching, doctrines, and symbols of religions in an
individuals life. The religious symbols come to the
fore and one gains strength or courage danger and
even death.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Religious Institutions

Church
-
It is a type of religious organization that is well

integrated into the larger society with well
established rules and doctrines.
A church generally accepts the norms and
values of the society and frequently regards
itself as the guardian of the established social
order.
It identifies with the state and is integrated
with the social, political and educational
functions.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Religious Institutions

Sect
A highly cohesive group of believers who strictly

adhere to a religious doctrine and reject many
beliefs and practices of the general society and
replace them with beliefs and practices which
may appear strange to the non believer.
Cult
- It is a religious organization often inspired by a
charismatic leader and largely outside a societys
cultural tradition. People voluntarily follow a
leader who preaches new beliefs and practices.
-
SOCIAL INSTITUITONS
Sub-concept about Religion

Folk Catholicism/Folk Protestantism the beliefs
and practices of indigenous that are woven into
Christian
practices.
(e.g.
anting-anting,
mangkukulam etc.)
Split-level Christianity - two or more thought-andbehaviour system which are inconsistent with each
other coexist within the same person. (e.g. a person
who gets married, prepares an elegant and grant
feast for the occasion, but continue to maintain a
querida)
Magic and Faith Healing - mysterious thing and
practices related to supernatural forces beyond the
five senses. (e.g. psychic power)
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Political Institutions
It is the social arrangements for legislating and

enforcing laws, and providing social services
like education, public health, and welfare,
distributing public funds, collecting taxes,
conducting foreign affairs, and deciding on
issues of war and peace.
It involves the theory, art, and practice of
government.
They consist of relatively stable cluster of
norms, statuses, and roles that are involved in
the acquisition and exercise of power and
decision-making.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
State and Government
State
-It is organized under a government that exercises
authority over its subjects with the legitimate
monopoly of physical force, to imprison and even
executes members within its jurisdiction. The state
exercises
its
political
authority
through
governments at the national, state and local levels.
Government
-It is a complex legal system that has the power
and authority to carry out the functions of the
state. The government consists of the legislature,
executive and judiciary.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Basis of Power in Philippine Politics

Voting
right to suffrage (Art. V)

Political Counselling information middlemen
in cities were consulted on political, legal and
other technical matters by voters.
Patronage straight buying and selling of votes
operates with a network of personalized
reciprocity.
Moulding of public opinion the efforts to
provide more scientific public opinion polling are
done by professional statistical centres.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Power beyond the Law
People
Power large gathering of unarmed

people united by set of political call.
Corruption
impedes
sustainable
development, robs the children of today of the
resources they will need to survive.
Terrorism acts of violence or the threat of
violence employed by an individual or group
as a political strategy.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Education
-
It defined as a preparation for effective participation in social

relation. It is the controlled process whereby changes in
behaviour are produced in the person on a group.
Formal Education is synonymous with school education. It
consists of sets of definite learning goals and objectives,
generally making use of a more flexible curriculum and more
participative teaching methods.
Informal Education learning through interaction with others
outside in the group. Ideas and facts are acquired through
suggestion, observation, example, imitation, and inculcations
from the family, play group, neighbourhood, or occupational
group.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of Education
To
transmit the cultural heritage.

To help individuals select social roles and to
train them for the roles they have chosen.
To integrate into the cultural mainstream the
various sub-cultures and identities
To serve as source of social and cultural
innovation.
Quality
of Education elementary and secondary

students scored bellows the mean target of 75% based on
standardized tests. This scores is low compared to other
countries.
Accessibility of Education drop-out rate is higher
among
socio-economically
students.
SOCIALdisadvantage
INSTITUTIONS
Tertiary schools are concentrated in the developed areas.
Key
Issues
in
Philippine
Education
Government Budget for Education the Constitution
provides that the highest proportion if the budget should
go to education, but this is hardly applied.
Mismatch training and actual jobs are available are not
given due consideration. This result in the unemployment
or underemployment of certificate or degree holders.
Upgrade
the salary of teachers to attract more good

students to train as teachers
Budget per region is based on participation and unit
cost; this system factors favours the more developed
regions
SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
Expand the scholarship
program
for poor students in
both
public andReform
private tertiary
schools Education
Proposed
in Philippine
Encourage participation of the business and industry
sector in higher education
Development
of a rationalized apprenticeship
program by the private sector
K-12 learning education for the us to follow the
international standard
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
It is perpetuated by the way wealth, power, and
prestige are distributed and passed on from
one generation to the next.
- The presence of the following were observed:
1. Inequality - the unequal distribution of scarce
goods or resources, exists in many different
types of cultures.
2. Social differentiation - how people vary
according to social characteristics.
3. Social stratification - how people are ranked
according to the scarce resources they control.
-
Class Status
It defined as the rank or position in a social

hierarchy. The status may be classified as:
i. Ascribed
- Assigned at birth
- Caste system - It represents a rigid form of
stratification
based
on
hereditary
status,
traditional occupation and restrictions on social
relationships.
i. Achieved
- Earned by performance.
- Class system - It is the classification of people
based on their economic positions in society.
-
Types of Stratification System
Open Stratification System
-Stratification system in which merit rather
than inheritance (ascribed characteristics)
determines social rank .
-It allows for social change.
-It is reflected in a meritocracy.
-Positions are achieved, not ascribed.
-Characterized by equal opportunity and
high social mobility (movement up or down
a social hierarchy).
Social Rank in Open Stratification System
Class the position in an economic hierarchy
occupied by individuals or families with similar
access to, or control over, material resources
(e.g., working class, professional class).
Class
structure - relatively permanent
economic hierarchy comprising different social
classes.
Socioeconomic status - the persons general
status within an economic hierarchy, based on
income, education, and occupation.
Closed Stratification System
-Stratification system in which inheritance
rather than merit determines social rank.
-Little social change possible.
-Reflected in a caste system.
-Positions are ascribed, not achieved.
-Characterized by little social mobility.
Social Mobility in Closed Stratification System
-Is the changing ones social position, occurs in a
variety of ways.
Upward Mobility -the change to a higher rank.
Downward Mobility the movement to a lower
rank.
Intergenerational Mobility - the change of
peoples class or status within their own lifetime
experience.
Intergenerational Mobility - the movement
between generations, usually measured by
comparing the positions of parents and children.
Gender and Age
Gender
Stratification - women all across the

globe have been accorded inferior position in
comparison to men. Men have had and
continue to have more physical and social
power and status than women in the public
sphere. (Sexism)
Age
Stratification - it refers to the social

ranking of individuals at different stages in
their lives. There is unequal distribution of
wealth, power and privileges among people at
different stages in the life course. (Ageism)
DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
Deviant Behaviour
-The behaviour that violates norms.
-It varies in different cultures or in a given
culture in a period of time.
Deviant
-The expression of radical or unusual political or
religious belief.
Deviance
-The function of the pigment of a particular
group who observe the behaviour.
EXPLANATION FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR

Biological
-Being deviant is coming form physical or
biological makeup.
-According to some biologist, said that deviant
behaviour is a result of aberrant genetic traits.
Psychological
-Being deviant is a result of personality disorder
or maladjustment that develops during
childhood.
-It can be observe in from aggression against
others or against society because of frustration.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO DEVIANCE

-According to Durkheim and Merton assert that
deviant behaviour is a consequence of anomie
or normlessness which results from the
existence of diverse sets of norms, with none of
them closely binding upon everybody.
Control Theory
-It asserts that deviance is learned. Participation
in subcultures and counter-cultures is part of
the socialization process of being a deviant.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO DEVIANCE

Conflict Theory
-The heterogeneous nature of society and the differences in
the distribution of social power lead to a struggle between
social classes. The conflict between the powerful and the
weak affect the creation of deviance and societys response
to it.
Symbolic Interactionism
- As the people interact with a deviant, they acquire the
techniques, motives, drive, and attitudes appropriate to
such behaviour. Labelling theory, is also belong to this
perspective explaining on how crime and deviance become
defined and labelled and the effect on a person being so
labelled, especially by official agencies and other persons.
FORMS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR

Drug
-
abuse
The use of drugs, lawful or unlawful, which
result in physical, emotional, social, or
behavioural impairment.
Crime
- The violation of a norm codified into law and

carries punishment for it. The result of crime
is injury to the individual and the society.
SOCIAL CHANGES
SOCIAL CHANGE
-
The alterations in the patterns and regulations

regarding social interaction.
This is manifested in the rise and fall of groups,
communities, or institutional structures and functions,
or changes in the statuses and roles of members in
the family, works setting, church, school, government,
leisure, and other subsystems of the social
organizations.
Its dimensions includes the transformation of culture
and social institutions over time.
The changes in the society involves the comparisons
of the past and present in the hope for improvement,
stability, or security in the future.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
CHANGE
1.It
happens everywhere although the rate

varies from place to place.
2.Social change is sometimes intentional but
often unplanned.
3.Social change often generates controversy.
4.Social change are more important than fads
and fashions which only have a passing
significance, like innovations.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND TECHNLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENT
There are social patterns which are inked to
industrialization. Peter Berger notes four general
characteristics of modernizations:
1.The decline of small, traditional communities.
2.The expansions of personal choices. People see
their lives as an unending series of options.
3.Increasing social diversity. Traditions loses its
hold and morality becomes a matter of individual
attitude.
4.Future orientation and growing awareness of
time. Changes of thinking in terms of sunlight and
seasons to hours and minutes.
LEVEL OF HUMAN ACTION AND

CHANGE
1ST: Individual personality it focuses to externally
induced stimuli which are stimuli abstracted from the
social world that is either ignored or considered relevant.
2nd: Interaction among individuals this involves not
only in the relation among human beings but also the
personality development virtually entirely from human
interaction.
3rd: Group of social systems explains that the unit of
analysis, particularly the emergent properties of the
group where the social level is thought to reside.
4th: Cultural system the major emphasis is given by
society to the learning and transmission of values and
symbols.
THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

Evolutionary Theory - characterized primarily by an
assumption of smooth, cumulative change, often in a
linear fashion, and always in the direction of increasing
complexity and adaptability.
Equilibrium Theory - characterized by the concept of
homeostasis, and focuses on conditions tending towards
stability as a consequence.
Conflict Theory - characterized by the assumption that
change is endemic to all social organisms, and focuses on
conditions that tend towards instability as a consequence.
Rise and Fall Theory characterized by the assumption
that societies, cultures, or civilization regress as well as
grow, and that all societies do not move in the same
direction.
CAUSES, SOURCES AND BARRIERS

OF SOCIAL CHANGES
-
It is the result of cultural change and/or

technological change, and it can influence
either or both. Its rate, direction, and form
can be gauged through the factors of time,
place, goals, and objectives.
It is caused by the interplay of a large number
of non-social and social factors.
Some sources of social change are evolution,
discovery, invention, and diffusion. Its
order may be understood in terms of how
individuals, groups, or institutions accept
change.
What are the impacts of social change?
SOCIAL MOVEMENT
SOCIAL MOVEMENT
-
It is a type of collectivity composed of people

who share sentiments or grievances who unite
to promote or resist change.
It is directed toward changing the established
norms, values, or social structures. Somehow,
it challenges the existing social order.
They are large, sometimes informal, groupings
of individuals or organizations which focus on
specific political or social issues.
Ideology is an important value of social
movement.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

According to Scope
1.Reform movement they advocate changing some norms
and laws. (e.g. revisions of laws/norms if is not effective)
2. Radical movement they dedicate to change the value
systems in a fundamental way. (e.g. monarchy to
democracy)
According to Change
1. Innovation movement they want to introduce/change
particular norms, values, etc. (e.g. changing particular
aspects in general way)
2. Conservative movement they want to preserve existing
norms, values, etc. (e.g. preservation of norms:
pagmamano)

According to Targets
1.Group-focus movement hey focused on affecting
group in the society in general. (e.g. people who are
involved specifically in a one perspective)
2.Individual-focused movement they focused on
the affecting individual. (e.g. religious movement)
According to methods of work
1.Peaceful movements various movements which
use non-violent means of protest as part of a
campaign of non-violent resistance.
2.Violent movements various movements which
resort to violence.

According to Range
1.Global social movement with global objectives and
goals.
2.Local social movement with local scope.
According to level of support/activity
1.Insiders often exaggerate the level of support by
considering people supporters whose level of
activity/support is weak.
2.Outsiders
those
who
may
tend
either
underestimate/overestimate the level of support/activity
of elements of a movement, by including/excluding
those that insiders would exclude/include.
SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORIES

Collective
action theories (Robert E. Park) states

that the behaviour is always driven by group
dynamics, encouraging people to engage in acts
they might consider unthinkable under typical social
circumstances.
Relative deprivation theory it emphasize the
individual experience of discontent when being
deprived of something to which one believes to be
self to be entitled.
Marxist theory/Conflict theory- commonly exist in
the economic functions.
Value-added/Social strain theory states that the
rapid social changes came from social movements.
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR
-
The forms of social behaviour bot guided by

usual
conventions
and
involving
a
transgression of established institutional
patterns and structures. (Turner and Killian)
It occurs in stress situations, usually brought
by social changes, and is characterized by a
high degree of emotions.
It refers to ways of thinking feeling, and
acting that develop among a large number of
people which are relatively spontaneous and
unstructured.
TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR

Crowd is a transitory group of persons in an ambiguous
and, to some degree, unstructured situation in which
participants do not have a clear and pre-existing knowledge
of how to behave, but feel that they can do something to
correct the situation.
Types of Crowd
1. Casual crowd loosely organized and very momentary type of
grouping whose member come and go. (e.g. people in a
midnight sale)
2. Conventionalized crowd established regular ways of
behaving, depending upon the time and place of performance
and order of activities. (e.g. people in ball games)
3. Acting crowd volatile group of excited person whose
attention is focused on a controversial or provocative issue
which arouses action if not indignation.

Mass
composed of desperate individuals,

each responding independently to the same
stimulus in a similar way.
The mass has no social organization, no
established leader, no structure of statuses
and roles.
The mass behaviour must be observe in
migration evacuation (refugee), reported sties
of miracles, sensational crime trial, public
scandal or dramatic scandal or Typhoon
Yolanda victim.

Public
the members are confronted by

issues and they discuss, argue, debate,
compromise, and form composite views.
- The public behaviour can be seen on the issue
of public opinion and through the use of mass
communication (newspaper, radio, television,
motion picture, movie, and internet).
Social movement (see previous discussion)
THEORIES ON COLLECTIVE
BEHAVIOUR
Convergence
perspective according this theory

the participants have common characteristics such as
similarity in social positions based on income,
education, social class, and relative deprivation.
Emergent
perspective according this theory

collective behaviour is not characterized by unanimity
but by differences in expressions and emotions.
Smelsers
Value Added Approach it assess the

behaviour involved and work out some forms of social
control.
COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY
-
It is a social organization that is territorially localized

and through which its members satisfy most of their
daily needs and deal with most of their common
problems.
A social grouping where members carry on a
common interdependent life and share commodities
or bonds.
It may be classified as rural and urban, in highly
industrialized societies, the distinction between the
two becomes blurred.
The difference in occupation, population density,
social interaction, social stratification, social
differentiation, and social unity became the criteria.
RURAL COMMUNITY
-
Rural community are often small. The occupations of the

people are farming, fishing, forestry, supplemented by
cottage industries.
Families in rural areas are usually nuclear, consanguineal,
bilateral, and either bilocal or neolocal. A highly incidence
of poverty prevails.
Education in these areas are not accessible to many
pupils on some barangay. Dropouts rates are higher in the
rural than in urban areas. Many colleges graduates
eventually migrate to the urban areas.
Majority of the people are Roman Catholic, Aglipayan
(north) Islam (south) but believing in folk catholicism.
Usually fiesta was associated with the religious beliefs and
activity.
RURAL COMMUNITY
-
Healthcare
in
rural
community
are
deplorable, and a great number of children
suffer from severe malnutrition.
The government provide services to the rural
areas in the country however, the exist of
exploitation and capitalism come into place
that became the hindrance of development to
the said area.
Today, in order to improve the conditions the
government still have a LOT of project to be
done.
URBAN COMMUNITY
-
Is where the concentration of the people within a

relatively small geographic area. The urban community
may be a city of something resembling a city, which is a
relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of
socially heterogeneous individuals.
The occupations are usually non-agriculture.
In urban community, the idea of urbanization emerged
it refers to the process of concentrating people within a
relatively small geographic area. It is related to social
change and growth. It requires a shift in values, attitudes,
and behaviour that are compatible with the local urban
patterns and, therefore, requires a long period of time for
a peasants to internalize an urban life-style.
URBAN SOCIAL PROBLEMS

Pollution
classified into two namely:

1. Air pollution mostly form fumes and smoke from
motor vehicles, factories and other industrial
establishments.
2. Water Contamination results of indiscriminate
dumping of garbage into the creeks, rivers and
lakes.
Garbage aside from being eyesore, it also serves
as the contributor for floods during rainy days.
Traffic result of lack of master plan for the
authorities and lack of discipline among the owner
of the vehicles and people.
DEMOGRAPHY AND
POPULATION
DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION

Population refers to the total number of person
inhibiting a country, city or any district. It also deals
with the observable and measurable data.
- Demography is the study of the size and make-up of
the human population and how it change. The main
sources of demographic data are:
1. The population census, with data on age, sex,
occupation, employment status, and migration.
2. Vital registration statistics like birth, death, and
marriages.
3. Sample or special surveys on households.
4. Data gathered and processed by government agencies.
-
MATHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION

Thomas Robert Malthus
-According to his Essay on the Principle of Population,
because of the strong attraction between the two sexes,
the population could multiply rapidly and, resulted to
increase of reproduction faster than food supply.
-Also, as the population grows bigger, food production
would be insufficient and most likely, famine and
overcrowding
would cause widespread suffering and
disease and an increase in death rate, which is natures
check on over population.
-He suggested that an alternative is to postpone married
until a much later age so that birth rate may be
decreased.
MATHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION

Two solutions (Thomas Malthus)
Positive checks to overpopulation by increasing the
death rate; which include war, famine, pestilence, and
disease.
Preventive checks to prevent overpopulation by
limiting the number of live births; which include
abortion, infanticide, sexual abstinence, delayed
marriage, and contraceptive use.
- This theory debated in the form of science and

technology
PROCESS IN POPULATION CHANGE

Fertility
It is the ability to produce offspring. It indicates the rate at

which babies are born. According to the demographers,
women have a potential for bearing age at age of 15 to 50.
- The fertility rate of a community was affected by some
factors such as weather, environment, religion and societal
norms about children and marriage.
Life expectancy
- The average number of years a persons is expected to live
from time of birth. It is hard to determine this accurately
because local statistics on birth and death rates are
incomplete and inadequate because some data are not
registered.
-
PROCESS IN POPULATION CHANGE

Mortality
The rate of death in population. A population with

many old people will naturally have a higher death
rate than a comparatively young population. It is
also assumed that because women live longer than
men, a population with many women will have
lower death rate.
Migration
- The movement of people for permanent residency.
It includes immigration, movement into an area,
while emigration is movement out of an area. This
can be divided into pull and push factors.
-
Fig. 3. Paradigm of Population in the Philippines and the Social
BASIS OF POPULATION EXPLOTION

Historical
-One of the most important of Spanish colonization
in the Philippines was the propagation of the Roman
Catholic. Since, the church does not favour birth
control. There is a high rate of population growth.
Sociological
-In rural areas, they believe that all events are
predetermined and inevitable and that the
happening that come their way are the results of
fate and destiny.
-The men and women feel ashamed to submit in
artificial methods of family planning.

Economic
-In rural areas, the perception of some people that children
serves as their economic assets. They think that a big family is
better than a small one because children can earn a livelihood
for the family.
Anthropological
- It assumed that basis of population explotion is the Filipino
values, belief system, customs and traditions. The extended
family expected that the couple to have a number of children
during the marriage.
One is not surprised to hear remarks like, bakit wala pa?, if
the pregnancy does not takes place after marriage. The
husband is jokingly branded to be mahina if his first child is
not followed by another one year after.

Political science
-It is observed that those
whose come from
high income groups, most often, come from
educated parents who have limited the number
of their children. On the other hand, the poor
with many children, by and large, do not have
taxable income.
Geography
- The rate of population growth in the rural
areas is significantly higher than that in the
urban. (debatable)
MARRIAGE
Why people marry???

Age preference for marriage??
MARRIAGE
It is the foundation of the family, an inviolable social
institutions. This is also serves as the continuation of
the cultural mechanism of the family.
- Sex and sexual attraction is least consideration, but
marriage makes a sexual intercourse legitimate.
Family Code of the Philippines to Marriage
- A special contract of permanent union between a man
and a woman entered into in accordance with the law
for the establishment of conjugal and family life.
- As a contract, it applies to only a man and a woman, it
is permanent; the law prescribed penal and civic
sanctions.
- As a status, it is created between parties.
-
FORMS OF MARRIAGE
Monogamy
- most common and universal forms of

marriage. It is involve the union of a man and a
woman.
Polygamy - the plural union where an individual is
married to several individuals at the same time. There
are three types: polygyny, polyandry and group
marriage.
Adoptive - it is transferred from father to son, many
wealthy family would want to preserve their surnames.
Fictive - It is a union between two women, one old and
one young.
Second marriage sororate (sister-in-law) or levirate
marriage (brother-in-law).
FORMAL REQUISITES FOR MARRIAGE

Philippines
Authority
of the solemnizing officer (judge/priest)

A valid marriage license (good for 120 days only)
- The legal capacity of the contracting parties who must
be a male and a female, and the consent freely given
by the couple in the presence of the solemnizing
officer.
- The minimum age for marriage is 18 years but
parental consent is necessary for those below 21
years.
- Presently, some changes in the requisites for marriage
has made: a) no license is necessary if the couple
has lived as husband and wife for at least and
there is no legal impediment to their marriage.
PRINCIPLES OF MATE SELECTION

Endogamy
It dictates that one should marry within ones clan

or ethnic group.
Exogamy
- The one that marries outside ones clan or ethnic
group.
Levirate
- The widows marries the brothers or nearest kin of
the deceased husband.
Sororate
- The widower marries the sister or the nearest kin
of the deceased wife.
-
CONCEPT BEYOND MONOGAMY

Husband
-wife swapping - a formal organization

which handles the activities of the participating
members. Parties are usually held after nine in the
evening, when the children are expected to asleep.
NO ONE must have the same sex partner for two
consecutive times. The anonymity of each member
is well-maintain.
Cohabitation - relationship between single male
and females living together as husband and wife
with the formal marriage.
Swingers - middle-aged men who finds pleasure in
going into bars and attracting women. They usually
collect women. The opposite for Cougars.
VOID AND VIODABLE MARRIAGE

Annulment
-
The process which makes the marriage contract null

and void, in which case, the law sees that no
marriage has taken place. The New Family Code
recognizes the annulment of marriage bond where
the parties are free to marry again without fear of
violating any law.
The grounds for annulment are lack of parental
consent of a minor before the marriage,
insanity
of
one
party,
fraud,
force,
intimidation or undue influence, impotence of
one party, and serious sexually transmissible
disease of the either party.

Divorce
Legal
-
separation
This is a judicial declaration when the
separation of husband and wife merely
entitles the spouse to live separately (in
house
or in bed), but not dissolving the
marriage.

Grounds for Legal Separation
1.
Adultery/Concubinage
2.
Attempt by one spouse against the life of the other.
3.
Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed

against petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner.
4.
Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to

change religious or political affiliation.
5.
Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner.
6.
Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondents.
7.
Final court judgement sentencing the respondent to imprisonment

of more than 6 years, even if pardoned.
8.
Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondents.
9.
Sexual infidelity or perversion.
10.Abandonment
of the petitioner by respondent without a justifiable

cause for more than one year.
PARENTHOOD
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATION OF THE PARENTS
Child and Welfare Code of the Philippines (PD No. 603)

Primary Rights of the Parent the parents shall have
the rights to the company of their children and, in relation
to all other persons or institutions dealing with the childs
development, the primary right and obligation to provide
for the upbringing.
Right under the Civil Code parent shall continue to
exercise the rights mentioned in the Article 316 to 326 of
the Civil Code over the person and property of the child.
Right to Discipline Child parents have the right to
discipline the child as may be necessary for the formation
of his good character, and may therefor require from him
obedience to just and reasonable rules, suggestions and
admonitions.
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES
1. To
give him affection, companionship and understanding.

2. To extend to him the benefits of moral guidance, selfdiscipline and religious instruction.
3. To supervise his activities, including his recreation.
4. To inculcate in him the value of industry, thrift and selfreliance.
5. To stimulate his interest in civic affairs, teach him duties of
citizenship, and develop his commitment to his country.
6. To advice him properly on any matter affecting his
development and well-being.
7. To provide him with adequate support.
8. To administer his property, according to his best interest.
FAMILY PLANNING
FAMILY PLANNING
-
This is a concept of enhancing the quality of life of every

member of the family through the use of family planning
methods to regulate the number of the children.
It reduces the need for unsafe abortion.
Some family planning methods help prevents the
transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted
infections.
It reinforces peoples rights to determine the number
and spacing of their children.
It allows people to attain their desired number of
children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is
achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the
treatment of infertility.
BENEFITS OF FAMILY PLANNING

Preventing
pregnancy-related health risks in
women.
Reducing infant mortality.
Help to prevent HIV/AIDS.
Empowering people and enhancing education.
Reducing adolescent/pre-marital pregnancies.
Slowing population.
Note: Benefits of family planning was not only
for the society but also for individual health.
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING

Natural family planning
-The natural way of avoiding pregnancy by
observing, recording, and interpreting changes in
the cervical mucus or basal body temperature in
order to determine the safe and unsafe days of
menstrual cycle.
-The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding
unprotected vaginal sex during most fertile days,
usually by abstaining or by using condoms.
-There should be an observation of few cycles
which is necessary before effective practice of
method.

Calendar rhythm
-The use of calculations to determine safe and
unsafe days of the menstrual cycle, based on past
cycles.
-This method is recommended for women with
regular menstrual cycles ad who feel themselves
capable of following the requirements of method and
for women who cannot use artificial contraceptive.
Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal)
-The male withdraws his penis from his partner's
vagina, and ejaculates outside the vagina, keeping
semen away from her external genitalia.
Calendar Method
Cervical Mucus

Tubal ligation
-This is don by cutting-off the fallopian tube to
block completely the passage of ovum and
prevent it from meeting the sperm.
Vasectomy
-This requires a simple operation by cutting-off
the vas deference so that the sperm will not entre
the semen that is discharged.
Note: Minor discomfort is experienced by the acceptor,
who need to rest from work for two to three days after
the operation.
Tubal
Ligation
Vasectomy

Intrauterine device (IUD)
-A small, soft plastic device that is inserted into
the uterus. It can be placed or removed by
trained personnel only. The acceptors may
experience minor discomfort after insertion and
the possibility its being expelled.
Pills/Oral contraceptive
-It is a combination of synthetic hormones. It is
intended for women 19 to 34 years old who
desire to space child-bearing. It may be
inconvenient since the pills is taken daily
IUDs
Pills

Injectable Contraceptive
-This is administered by one-dose injectable
contraceptive containing progesterone and
injected every three months. This is intended
for women 18-40 years old who wish to space
or limit child-bearing. It gives women freedom
from menstruation an the associated blood loss.
however, one advantages of this method may
be vaginal spotting even before the regular
menstrual period.

Implants
-It is a small, flexible rods or capsules placed under the skin
of the upper arm; contains progesterone hormone only. Only
the health-care provider must insert and remove this
product. It can be used for 35 years depending on implant.
Like injectable irregular vaginal bleeding is common but not
harmful.
Condom
-It is a soft and thin rubber sheath worn on the erect penis
before sexual intercourse to prevent the sperm. It gives
protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted
diseases. However, this may cause inconvenience to users,
since they have to interrupt love-making in order to put it on.
Implant
s
Condom
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND

ISSUES
DIMENSIONS AND ORIGIN OF SOCIAL

PROBLEMS
-
It may be inferred that no society succeeds in

getting all its people to behave as expected all
the time because all societies have social
problems.
A social problems exist when a significant number
of people perceive an undesirable difference
between social ideals and social realities.
In addition, a
social problem involves the
deviance among in the society and natural events
such as earthquake, typhoons, eruption of
volcano, floods, famine and epidemics that
greatly affects the human lives in the society.
POVERTY
-
It is a condition that exist when people lack the means

to satisfy their basic needs. Extreme poverty is the
main cause of malnutrition and poor health.
Sociologically, it defines as denial of choices and
opportunities for living a tolerable life. It is
considered as the symptom of a social cancer.
It is associated to criminality, breakdown of morals
and socially accepted behaviour, low educational
attainment, low property values and poor life changes.
It has also devastating effects in the families, often
forcing parents to abandon children to seek
employment in their countries, not aware of the social
costs.
CAUSES OF POVERTY
Colonial
mentality
Dependence of Philippine economy on foreign
capital and investment
Capitalism and exploitation
Cheap labour
Graft and corruption
Overpopulation
Unemployment and underemployment
Low and limited educational attainment and
illiteracy
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Culture of poverty theory
-It is the result of cash and economy, labour
wage and production for profit, high rate of
employment and underemployment of unskilled
labour, low wages and inadequate social and
economic organizations to serve the low-income
bracket of population.
-It observed that poor members of the society
are less permissive in socializing with other
children, more fatalistic about ones views in life,
lack an interest in formal education, and usually
pleasure-oriented.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Dependency theory
-accordingly, poverty in underdeveloped society has
been the result of a colonial socio-economic structure.
The growing of poverty among the underdeveloped
countries is due to the forced incorporation of the
economy of the developed countries.
-The massive exodus of money from underdeveloped
regions of the world also intensifies the destruction of
natural resources.
-This
apparent dependency of underdeveloped
countries to the highly developed countries has led to
the increasing impoverishment of the dependent
country.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Social Darwinist Theory
-It assumes that the assets that economic
survival of any society depends, to a large
extent, on the individuals endowed with
superior intelligence that will plan, control,
regulate and lead its development.
-It also reveals that the upper and middle class
students who can speak and understand the
English language have better chances of
passing the prescribed examinations for job
hunting.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Theory of Capitalism
-The continuous exploitation of poverty of the
people to accumulate huge profits. The poor are
always sacrificed the price of technological
development.
-This theory proposed by Karl Marx which reveals
the relationship and conflict between the
exploiters and exploiter. These relationships had
been the entire system of economic, social and
political involvement, which has virtually been
established to maintain the power and dominate
of the owners over the workers.
FACES OF POVERTY
Shanties
under the bridge

Brain-drain syndrome
Criminals
Prostitutions
Malnutrition
Increase of mortality rate
Rapid growth of population
- This is according to the speech of former
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo during the
UN Congress in New York City, last 2009.
STRATEGIES TO REDUCE POVERTY

1.Equitable
and sustained economic growth.

2.Focused targeting
3.Effective and efficient delivery of public goods
and base social services.
4.People empowerment
5.Long-term solution to the problems of hunger.
6.Developed literacy programs.
7.Expand employment opportunity.
Dont give them fish, instead teach them how to
catch a fish
CRIME
-
The problem of juvenile delinquency and crime apart

to be common in all societies. Some of the major
causes of juvenile delinquency and crime are social
disorganization, poverty and broken homes.
The Child and Youth Welfare Code explicitly defines
the youth offender as one who is over nine years
but under twenty-one years of age at the time of the
commission of the offense. A child which is nine
years old or under when the offense was committed
shall be exempt from criminal liability and shall be
placed in the custody of the parents, or the nearest
relative, or the family friend, in the discretion of the
court and subject to its supervision.
CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

1.
2.
3.
Social Organization the desire for power,

wealth and prestige, the atmosphere where fear,
hate, antagonism and hostility are prevalent are
elegant
manifestation
of
social
or
disorganization.
Poverty exist when the people didnt satisfy
his/her basic needs.
Broken Home the separation of husband and
wife brought about by war, migration,
imprisonment, employment outside the country,
marital discord, bickering, infidelity, and lack of
trust that consequently lead to legal separation.
PREVENTION OF JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
Individual Programs
Individual Behaviour Therapy aims to modify
the behaviour of the delinquent by changing
the environment in which the behaviour occurs.
Social Skills Training
-It focused on micro-skills, such as eye contact
and body postures; macro skills, such as
negotiating with and handling encounters with
the police authority; and institutional behaviour,
such as avoiding fights and other forms of
brawls.
DELINQUENCY
Cognitive Behaviour Programs
Self-control and self-instruction
Anger control
Role Taking
-The program designed to encourage young male
delinquents to see themselves from the perceptive
of other people to develop their own role-taking
activities.
Social Problem-solving
- It includes the skills of sensibility to interpersonal
problems, the ability to choose the desired outcome
of a social exchange (means-end thinking).
DELINQUENCY
Moral Reasoning Development
-It increase the morality belief of the young
delinquent.
Multimodal Programs
-The program will improve the self-control, and
reduced problem behaviour.
Institutional and Community Program
-This program includes; secure institutions,
residential
establishment,
school-based
intervention,
family
intervention
and
diversionary projects.
PROSTITUTIONS
-
Prostitution as a social problem is considered as old as

mankind. It is the sale and purchase of sexual
relations.
This is the act or practice of engaging in sexual
relations in consideration for money.
There can be homosexual favours to women; but it is
the sale of female sexually to men that have usually
been the predominant pattern and, to a great extent,
has given rise to the greatest social concern.
Also, there is an misleading view of prostitutions as
being something done by prostitutes while ignoring
the casual significance of male demand for their
services, is itself indicative of the sexual double
standard on which phenomenon of prostitutions rests.
TYPES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Female Prostitutes they are usually seen in bar or
street and sometimes calls as street walkers or
hookers. In some cases, there were a called as high
class prostitutes known as the escort girls and guest
relation officers, sometime they are working as sauna
attendants, night club hostesses, hospitality girls,
escorts and models.
Male Prostitutes prostitutes that cater principally to
homosexual males.
They can be seen roaming around in conspicuous places
with no apparent purpose like department stores,
shopping malls, lobbies, and even hotels and gay bars
where homosexuals act as masseurs and escorts.
TYPES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Child Prostitution
-This common to some foreign tourists coming
from different countries and want to experience
what our country can offer. The issue of pedophilia
surprising nowadays, since we have always read
the fresh victim of prostitutions.
-It assumes that broken homes can make people
shy way from normal adult heterosexual
relationship since children are less threatening
and more passive sex partners.
-I may also inferred that when the child prostitute
grows up, he/she likely to become a pedophile.
CAUSES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Poverty
-Being hopeful of a better life, so they sacrifice
everything in exchange of money.
Illegal recruitment
-Sometimes young people from rural areas are the
target of illegal recruitment, a promise of better job
and better life makes them involve in prostitution
without knowing than they were became one.
Lack of education and information
-The promise of a good-paying job, aside from other
benefits like free board and lodging, beautiful dresses
and expensive jewelry become the motivating factors
why they are trapped into the illicit trade.
Why prostitutes stay in their job?

1. For
a better life until they meet someone who is

willing take them out of this job.
2. Enjoyment; they find it easy, glamorous and less
demanding.
3. Maintenance of fabulous life.
4. Income higher than housemaids.
5. They were forced to this kind of job because of
extreme poverty.
6. No available jobs for survival.
7. Broken homes.
8. Being loners during adolescence.
EFFECTS OF PROSTITUTION
1. Promotes
and facilitates the spread of

sexually transmitted diseases.
2. Health problems among prostitutes.
3. Drug addiction that lead to commit crimes.
4. It violates the monogamy which is sharing of
sex with only one partner.
5. Psychological demanding and adventurous to
their partners for satisfaction.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

(AIDS)
-
This is a human viral disease that ravages the immune

system, undermining the bodys capacity to defend itself
against certain microbial organisms.
It is cause by infection with the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), which attacks selected cells in the immune
system and produce defects functions.
This leads to so-called neuropsychiatric abnormalities, or
psychological disturbances caused by physical damage to
nerve cells.
Historically, the disease first identified in 1980 among
homosexual men and injection drug users in New York
and California, shortly after evidence grew of epidemics in
Saharan-Africa and Haiti.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

(AIDS)
-
AIDS has become worldwide. By 1995, 477, 900 Americans

had developed the disease which 295, 500 had died and
worldwide more than 14 million people were believed to be
infected.
In 1996, an estimated 22.6 million people worldwide were
living with HIV/AIDS (21.8million adults and 830, 000 children).
The WHO estimate that between 1981, when the first AIDS
cases were reported, and the end of 1996,more than
8.4million adults and children had developed AIDS.
There were 6.4million death worldwide from AIDS/HIV, about
360, 000 of these deaths occurred in the United States.
In 1984, there are 961 Filipinos infected with this dreadful
virus.
It also noted that 22 percent of the HIV positive were former
OFW.
The Nature of the Virus

-
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA retrovirus.

It has dense cylindrical core that encase two molecules of
viral RNA genetic material. A spherical outer envelop
surrounds the core.
It possesses a special enzyme, called reverse
transcriptase, that is bale to make a DNA copy of the viral
RNA. This enable the virus to reverse the normal flow of
generic information and to incorporate its viral genes into
the genetic material of its host.
The virus may then remain in a latent from for a variable
and often lengthy period of time until it is reactivated. The
mechanisms and triggers of the activation process is
important to the efforts being, made to control HIV
infection.
Modes of Transmission
Note: Isolated HIV from a number of body fluids,
including blood, semen, saliva, tears, urine,
cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, and cervical and
vaginal secretions.
Sexual intercourse, whether vaginal or anal, with an
infected individual.
- homosexual or heterosexual transmission
Exposure to infected blood or blood products.

- blood transfusions
Infected mother to her child before or during birth.

- during childbirth or through breast feeding, although
some uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers have
an incidence of heart problems 12 times that of children in
the general population.
FACT or MYTH
Is the HIV can transmit through the air?
Is the HIV can transmit through casual
contact?
Is the HIV can transmit through kissing?
Is the HIV can transmit though insect bite?
Signs and Symptoms of AIDS

Severe
Fever
Rashes
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Weight
loss
Anemia
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Ulcers
Enlarged
lymph nodes
skin infection
Cough for more than
a month
Tuberculosis
Tumours in the
immune system
(lymphomas)
Variety of neurologic
disorders (dementia
complex)
Prevention and Control of AIDS

Educating
the public.
Heterosexual person must avoid living a promiscuous life.
Women found to be infected with the virus should refrain
from sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy.
Screening blood donors and mandatory testing of donated
blood in blood banks, hospitals, and medical clinics.
Avoid sharing of needles and syringes.
Using condoms correctly and consistently during sexual
intercourse.
Avoid sexual contact with persons known or suspected to
have AIDS.
Have a regular medical check-up.
Safety Measures against HIV

Advantages of being tested:
The
infected individual can receive early
treatment and may live longer.
He/she can develop a good emotional support
system in the early stages of the disease.
He/she can inform his/her sex partner about
his/her infection.
He/she abstain from sexual intercourse with
his/her partner, or they can use protection.
He/she can avoid sharing items that come in
contact with blood such as razors, tweezers,
needles, and syringes.
Safety Measures against HIV

Psychological and socio-logical disadvantages:
A person found to be infected with HIV can be very
depressing and distressing.
The cultural and religious attitudes towards illness and
death on the infected person.
The feeling of uncertainty, fear, grief, depression,
denial and anxiety will certainly affect his adjustment to
his environment.
The feeling and fear of being discrimination against
and being ostracized by the people around him.
The family will likely suffer from the consequence of
the HIV.
Socio-cultural Factors Associated with

the Spread of the Virus
The
presence of the thriving commercial sex industries.

The frequent visit of a big number of foreigners as tourist in
our country who might potential carriers of the disease.
The
growing promiscuity of some Filipino males and
widespread experimental sexual escapades of young adults.
Widespread poverty, migration and social interest for a better
life.
The inadequacy of public information campaign about the
virus.
The seemingly declining set of moral value and the cherished
tradition about chastity in the Filipino family.
The lack of political will on the part of the government to
control and eradicate commercial sex industries in the country.
Treatment
Effective
drug treatment (it provides clinical benefit

and prolonged survival for individuals).
Medical supervisions and required therapies.
Gene therapy an alteration of genes on the infected
person to help prevent the virus from spreading
uninfected cells, but still NOT available worldwide.
Types:
1. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2. non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
3. protease inhibitors
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

-
This refers to the infection through transmission

with a person who is infected with the disease
through intimate contact with another person.
The most common type includes syphillis,
gonorrhea, trichmomas, genital warts, genital
herpes, lymphogranuloma venereum, grauloma
inguinale, condyloma acuminatum, and hepatitis B.
Some symptoms of STD are: abnormal excretion
during
urination
discharge,
pain
on
abdominal/groin area, pain during sex, genital
rashes or sore. However, there were difference in
the symptoms among male and female.
To have and to hold...to love and

to cherishfor better and for
worsttill death do us part
Battered Women
-
A battered woman is a person who suffers not only

physical or verbal pain inflicted on her by her partner but
also deep psychological and emotional effect of the
abuse.
In the Philippines, married women between the age of 1724, 17.3% are battered while 48% belong to the 25-35
age group suffer emotional and physical violence.
Although there were a signs of progress and equal rights
advocacy, the women have remained basically inferior
and subordinate to men.
According to Women Crises Centre (WCC), predominant
Christian religious beliefs have helped maintain a sexiest
attitude towards women that keep them passive and
submissive to men.
Forms of Battering
Physical
-It consists of a single, manual act or a series of different
act, or a combination of assault with the use of weapons.
Specific methods include slapping, kicking even if she was
pregnant, strangling and shoving her on the floor, banging
her he head against the wall, throwing hard objects,
pouring boiling water, poking the eyes, burning with
cigarette, hitting with a gun, and forcibly injecting a drugs.
Psychological
- It consists of various threats, intimidation and sorts of
verbal abuse. These include threat to kill, abandonment,
use of degrading words, public humiliation, openly siding
with the relatives against her, forcing to have children
abortion, and withdrawing abortion.
Forms of Battering
Sexual
-It includes demanding sex regardless of her condition,
forcing her to perform an unacceptable sex act, forcing
her to watch pornographic materials video shows,
catching him performing sex with another woman in
their own house and forcing her and his mistress to live
and sleep with him together.
Economic
- It includes denial or withdrawal of financial support or
prohibiting her handling money, husbands total control
over conjugal financial resources, even controlling the
womans earning and using the household money for
gambling, drinking or drugs.
Why Women Stay in Abusive

Relationship?
Dependency
on financial support and emotional

bonds including the sake of their children.
The abused fall in love with the soft side of the
abuser,
The
abused person still believed that the
behaviour will change eventually.
Fear and to avoid social stigma of being separated.
Note: Read the poem I Got Flowers Today by Paulette

Kelly and reflect on it. :-)
A Potential Women Beater

He
hurts you on purpose.

He has a scary temper.
He puts you down.
He cuts off from your friends.
He swings back and forth form sweet to mean,
then back.
He blames you for his anger.
He panics at the idea of breaking up.
He encourages you not to enjoy life.
He checks upon you.
He calls you names.
Unemployment and Underemployment

-
Unemployment is the condition where one who is able

and willing to work dies not have a job, while,
underemployment was characterized by workers
whose educational qualifications, training, experience
and skills do not match the nature of the job they do.
The unemployment condition in the Philippines has
increased an alarming rate; and afflicts the lives of
many people.
Since, unemployment is an important part of our life in
order to survive, to be unemployed is to be out of the
cultural and social mainstream.
Unemployment and underemployment in the country
main result to the sacrifice of the Filipino to work
outside the country.
Types of Unemployment
Frictional Unemployment
-The
members of the labour force search for jobs that best suit their skills
and preferences.
Structural Unemployment
-This
is the results from shifts in the pattern of demands for goods and
services or changes in technology, that preferably requires a hiring of
workers who fits for the position.
Cyclical Unemployment
-This
type of unemployment results form the recession and economic fails

in the country.
Technological Unemployment
-It
is cause by the advancement of science and technology and eventually

some member of the labour force who didnt possess the skills will lose
their job.
Seasonal Unemployment
- It results from the reduction in demands for labour either by climatic or
seasonal change.
Other Social Problems and Issues

Family,
Legal Separation, and Broken Homes

Unwed mothers and illegitimate child
Abortion
Malnutrition
Street-children and Child labour/abuse
Sexual harassment, Pedophilia and Incest
Gambling
Squatting
Floods
Human Trafficking
Peace and Order
REFERENCES
Andersen, Margaret L. 2003. Sociology The Essential. Second Edition.
Thomson Learning Incorporated, USA.
Henslin, James M. 2009. Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Pearson
Education Incorporated. USA.
Macionis, John J. 2010. Sociology. Thirteenth Edition. Pearson Education
South Asia PTE. Singapore.
Panopio, Isabel et.al. 2004. Sociology: Focus on the Philippines. Fourth
Edition. Ken Incorporated. Quezon City.
Palispis, Epitacio. 2007. Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology. Rex
Printing Company Incorporated, Quezon City.
Sulliva, Thomas J. 2004. Sociology: Concept and Application in a Diverse
World. Pearson Education Incorporated.
Thio, Alex. 1998. Sociology. Fifth Edition. Addison-Wesley Educational
Publishers Incorporated, USA.
Zulueta, Francisco M. et.al. 2006.
Social Problems and Issues in the
Philippines. Revised Edition. National Book Store. Mandaluyong City.
Thank you for listening

Society, Culture and Family Planning with Population Education

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Society, Culture and Family Planning with Population Education

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Society, Culture and Family Planning

with Population Education

Simmel - it is a subject which studies

- sociology is concerned with the

WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY?

obtain factual information about our society

understand our society and to analyse the

learn the application of scientific

enhance broad-mindedness and tolerance

THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION

to Charles Wright Mills, it is the

to Robert Stead sociology is a social

SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

is the study of humanity and the

Summer collected data on the customs

Social sciences studies made by western social

Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC)

GOALS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

understand the observable social world.

test or verify a hypothesis.

present repetitive human pattern of

STEPS IN CONDUCTING SOCIOLOGICAL

the research problem and review

Method it is a method for studying

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN

it uses various senses in studying a

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN

History study of personal life of a

SOCIETY AND GROUP

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

They are characterized

- They tend to impose the

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

The individual identifies

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

They are social structures

RACE AND ETHNICITY

RACE AND ETHNICITY

RACE AND ETHNICITY

CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETY

CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETY

is the treasury of knowledge.

provides behaviour patterns.

defines attitudes, values and goals.

decides our careers.

is social and collective.

INCONSISTENCY AND CONFLICT

A) Affective a persons choice is prized and

B) Behavioural if ones values something, he or she

C) Cognitive something that ones values should be

BASIC FILIPINO VALUES

closeness and security in a

ADOPTED FILIPINO VALUES

KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN

The belief that one

KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN

It attach to the major

KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN

KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN

PERSONALITY AND THE SOCIAL SELF

Freuds Theory of Socialization

According to Sigmund Freud, personality