FUNDAMENTAL

PARAMETRS OF ANTENNA

Radiation Pattern
Radiation power Density
Radiation Intensity
Directivity
Gain
Antenna Efficiency
Half power Beam width

FUNDAMENTAL
PARAMETRS OF ANTENNA
(Contd)

Beam Efficiency
Bandwidth
Polarization
Input impedance
Antenna radiation efficiency

Radiation Pattern
An antenna radiation is defined as a
mathematical function or a graphical
representation of the radiation properties of the
antenna as function of space coordinates.
In most cases the radiation pattern is
determined in far-field region.
Radiation pattern includes power flux density,
radiation intensity, field strength and
polarization.

Radiation pattern

Power Pattern:
A trace of the received power at constant
radius is called the power pattern.
It is also defined as the measure of the
radiation intensity.

Isotropic Radiator
An isotropic radiator is lossless antenna having
equal radiation in all directions.
It is often taken as a reference for expressing
the directive properties of actual antennas.

Directional Antenna
A directional antenna is one having the property of
radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves more
effectively in some directions than in others.
The pattern of this antenna is non directional in the
azimuth plane [f(), = /2] and directional in the
elevation plane [g(), = constant].

Principal E and H plane pattern for

Horn Antenna

Principal pattern
For a linearly polarized antenna, performance
is often described in terms of its principal Eand H- plane pattern.
The E-plane is the plane containing the electric
field vector and the direction of maximum
radiation.
The H-plane is the plane containing the
magnetic field vector and the direction of
maximum radiation.

Radiation Pattern lobes:

Lobes are classified as:Major or main lobe: The radiation lobe containing
the direction of maximum radiation
Minor lobe: The lobe except the major lobe.
Side lobe: A lobe adjacent to the main lobe. Side
lobes are normally the largest of the minor lobes.
Back lobe: A radiation lobe whose axis makes an
angle of 1800 with respect to the beam of an antenna.

Radiation Pattern lobes

Field regions
Reactive near field region
R < 0.62 D3/
Radiating near field region.
0.62 D3/ <R < 2 D2/
Far field region.
R > 2 D2/

Field Regions

Radiation pattern and half power

beam width

Radiation

Power

Density

Electromagnetic waves are used to transport information through

a wireless medium or a guiding structure, from one point to the
other. The quantity used to describe the power associated with an
electromagnetic wave is the instantaneous poynting vector
defined by

Radiated power

Radiation Density
Power density associated with the
electromagnetic fields of an antenna
in its far-field region is called as
radiation density.

Isotropic Radiator
Since isotropic radiator is an antenna having equal radiation
in all directions so its poynting vector will not be a function
of the spherical coordinate angles and . It will have only
radial component. Thus the total power will be given by

Radiation Intensity

Solid angle (Steradian)

It is defined as the solid angle with
its vertex at the center of the
sphere of radius r that is subtended
by a spherical surface area equal to
that of a square with side of length
r.
The solid angle d of a sphere can
be written as:d = dA/r2 = sin
d d

Steradian

Power radiated & the

radiation intensity:
The total power radiated is obtained by
integrating the radiation intensity over the
entire solid angle of 4

Directivity
Directivity of antenna is defined as the
ratio of the radiation intensity in a given
direction from the antenna to the
radiation intensity av over all the
directions.
The av radiation intensity is equal to the
total power radiated by antenna divided
by 4

Directivity

Directivity

Gain
It is the ratio of the intensity in given direction to the
radiation intensity that would be obtained if the
power accepted by the antenna were radiated
isotropically.
Relative gain is defined as the ratio of the power gain
in a given direction to the power gain of a reference
antenna in its referenced direction.

Gain

Antenna Efficiency
Antenna efficiency accounts the
losses at the input terminals and
within the guiding structure of the
antenna.

Half Power Beam width

Beam Efficiency

Bandwidth

Antenna Efficiency

Radiation Pattern

Radiation Pattern of some

typical Antenna

Omni directional pattern