IB Chemistry Molarity, Concentration, Standard Solution and Serial

Dilution Preparation .

Prepared by
Lawrence Kok
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com

Concentration and Molarity

Solute/Solvent/Solution

+
Solute

Solvent

5 moles

1 L/dm3

Mole
Conc
Vol .(dm 3 )

measured

Conc

Mass.( g )
Vol .(dm 3 )

x RMM

Solution
Conc Sol
5M or 5 mol/dm3

RMM

Dilution

Find conc in g/dm3 and mol/dm3

46 g NaOH in 1 dm3

water

1 dm3
1 dm
dm
1

33

5 mole in 1 dm3
5 M or 5 mol/dm3

1 M NaOH

2 dm3

46 g
Vol increase
Conc decrease

0.5 M
NaOH

Mole bef dil = 5 mol Mole aft dil = 5 mol

Vol bef = 1 dm3
Vol aft = 2 dm3
Conc = 5 M
Conc = 2.5 M

Mole M V
Mole 5 1 5mol

Mole M V
Mole 2.5 2 5mol

Moles bef dil = Moles aft

dil
M1 V1 = M2V2
M1 = Ini conc M2 = Final
conc
V1 = Ini vol
V2 =

Mass.( g )
Vol .( dm 3 )
46
Conc
46 gdm 3
1
Conc

Mole
Vol .(dm 3 )
1
Conc 1moldm 3
1
Conc

Conversion
formula

Mole Molarity ( M ) Vol (dm 3 )

Mole M V

Animation/video serial dilution

Solution Preparation

Preparing sol 1 M NaOH 1 mole NaOH in 1 L

46 g
Step 1

Mass of NaOH 1 mole NaOH x M = 1 x 46 g

Step 2

Transfer to beaker, add water to dissolve

Step 3

Step 4

Pour to 1L volumetric flask

Add water until 1L mark

Step 5 1M NaOH 1 mole of NaOH in total vol of solution (1L)

Molarity =
(1M)
+ solvent)

Conc NaOH

Diluting a std sol

Diluting a std sol (1M) (0.1M)

10 cm3
90 cm3
water

1M

1 mole
1 L total vol (solute

0.1M

Moles before dilution = Moles after

dilution
M1 V1 = M2V2
M1 = Initial molarity M2 = Final
molarity
V1 = Initial volume
V2 = Final
M1 V1 = M2V2
volume
1M x 10 cm3 = 0.1M x 100 cm3
(10 + 90)
1000
1000
1M, 10 ml
0.1M, 100 ml

Diluting a std sol

Serial Dilution

Dilution
Start with Conc sol (stock)
Add water to dilute it
down
Diff to cover a wide range
Time consuming to
perform
diff dilution for diff conc

vs

Stock solution 1M NaOH

Prepare 0.1M NaOH

Tube
1

Tube
1

1 cm

1 cm3
3

9 cm3
Step 1

Serial dilution
Easier to make, cover a wide
range of conc

Same dilution over again

Using previous dilution in next

step
1 in 10 serial dil - 1 part stock 9
part water
- (10x dil), (10 fold), (1 : 10)
1 in 2 serial dil 1 part stock 1 part
water
Prepare 10
x fold
serial
dil (1 : 2)
- (2x
dil),
(2 fold),

Pipette 9 cm3 water to

tube 1

Step Pipette
2
1 cm3 stock to tube
+1 mix well

Dilution 1M 0.1M
Dilution factor = 1o part = (9 part water +1
part solute)
(10x, 1:10)
1 part
(1 part
solute) factor = 1o part = (5 part water +5
Dilution
part solute)
(2x, 1:2)
5 part
(5 part

9 cm3
Step 1

Tube
2

Tube
3

1 cm3

1 cm3

9 cm3

Tube
4

1 cm3

9 cm3

Pipette 9 cm3 water to tube 1,+

2, 3, 4

Step 2 Pipette 1 cm3 stock to tube 1

+

9 cm3

mix well

mix well

Step 3 Pipette 1 cm3 from tube 1 to

+ 2 mix well
Step 4 Pipette 1 cm3 from tube 2 to+3 mix well
Step 5 Pipette 1 cm3 from tube 3 to+4 mix well

Serial dil 10 fold 1M 0.1M, 0.01M, 0.001M, 0.0001M

Diluting a std sol

Serial Dilution

Dilution
Start with Conc solution
(stock)
Add water to dilute it
down
Diff to cover a wide range
Time consuming to
perform
diff dilution for diff conc

vs

Stock solution 1M NaOH

Prepare 2 x fold serial dil

Tube
4

Tube
3

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

Tube
2

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

Serial dilution
Easier to make, cover a wide
range of conc

Same dilution over again

Using previous dilution in next

step
1 in 10 serial dil - 1 part stock 9
part water
- (10x dil), (10 fold), (1 : 10)
1 in 2 serial dil 1 part stock 1 part
water
Prepare 10
x fold
dil (1 : 2)
- (2x
dil),serial
(2 fold),

Tube
1

Tube
1

1 cm3

5 cm3

Stock sol
1M NaOH

Stock sol
1M NaOH

9 cm3

Tube
2

Tube
3

Tube
4

1 cm3

1 cm3

1 cm3

9 cm3

9 cm3

9 cm3

Pipette 5 cm3 water to tube 1,+ mix well

2, 3, 4
Step 2 Pipette 5 cm3 stock to tube 1+ mix well

Step 1

Step 3 Pipette 5 cm3 from tube 1 to +

2

mix well

Step 3 Pipette 1 cm3 from tube 1 to+2 mix well

Step 4 Pipette 5 cm3 from tube 2 to +

3

mix well

Step 4 Pipette 1 cm3 from tube 2 to+3 mix well

Step 5 Pipette 5 cm3 from tube 3 to+

4 mix well

Step 5 Pipette 1 cm3 from tube 3 to+4 mix well

Step 1

Serial dil 2x 1M 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M, 0.0625M

Pipette 9 cm3 water to tube 1,+ mix well

2, 3, 4
1 mix well
Step 2 Pipette 1 cm3 stock to tube +

Serial dil 10x 1M 0.1M, 0.01M, 0.001M, 0.0001M

Diluting a std sol

Serial Dilution

Dilution
Start with Conc solution
(stock)
Add water to dilute it
down
Diff to cover a wide range
Time consuming to
perform
diff dilution for diff conc
Prepare 2 x fold serial dil

Tube
4

Tube
3

5 cm3

5 cm3

1
16

Tube
2

5 cm3

5 cm3

1
8

1
4

vs

Tube
1

Tube
1

1 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

5 cm3

Serial dilution
Easier to make, cover a wide
range of conc

Same dilution over again

Using previous dilution in next

step
1 in 10 serial dil - 1 part stock 9
part water
- (10x dil), (10 fold), (1 : 10)
1 in 2 serial dil 1 part stock 1 part
water
Prepare 10
x fold
dil (1 : 2)
- (2x
dil),serial
(2 fold),

5 cm3

Stock sol
1M NaOH

1
2

Dilution factor = 1o part = (5 part water +5

part solute)
(2x, 1:2)
5 part
(5 part
solute)
Serial dil 2x 1M 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M, 0.0625M

Stock sol
1M NaOH

9 cm3

1
10

Tube
2

Tube
3

Tube
4

1 cm3

1 cm3

1 cm3

9 cm3

1
100

9 cm3

1
1000

9 cm3

1
10000

Dilution factor = 1o part = (9 part water +1

part solute)
(10x, 1:10)
1 part
(1 part
solute)
Serial dil 10x 1M 0.1M, 0.01M, 0.001M, 0.0001M

Concentration and Molarity

Solute/Solvent/Solution

+
Solute

Solvent

5 moles

1 L/dm3

Mole
Conc
Vol .(dm 3 )

measured

Conc

Mass.( g )
Vol .(dm 3 )

x RMM

Solution
Conc Sol
5M or 5 mol/dm3

RMM

Dilution
water

1 dm
dm33
1

5 mole in 1 dm
5 M or 5 mol/dm3
3

1 M NaOH

2 dm

Vol increase
Conc decrease

0.5 M
NaOH

Mole bef dil = 5 mol Mole aft dil = 5 mol

Vol bef = 1 dm3
Vol aft = 2 dm3
Conc = 5 M
Conc = 2.5 M

Mole M V
Mole 5 1 5mol
Moles bef dil = Moles aft dil
M1 V1 = M2V2
M1 = Ini conc M2 = Final
conc
V1 = Ini vol
V2 =
Final vol

1 dm3

Mole M V
Mole 2.5 2 5mol

Amt (mole) - NO
CHANGE
Conc - Change

1 dm3

5 mole in 1 dm3
(5 M)

Mole M V
Mole 5 1 5mol

Amt (mole)
CHANGE
Conc NO CHANGE

2 dm3

5 mole in 1 dm3
(5 M)

10 mole in 2 dm3
(5 M)

Mole M V
Mole 5 2 10mol
Vol increase

Amt (mole)

Conc remain
same

Concentration and Molarity

Solute/Solvent/Solution

+
Solute

Solvent

5 moles

1 L/dm3

Mole
Conc
Vol .(dm 3 )

measured

Conc

Mass.( g )
Vol .(dm 3 )

x RMM

Solution
Conc Sol
5M or 5 mol/dm3

RMM

water

1 dm3
1 dm
dm33
1

2 dm

10 mole in 1 dm3
(10 M)

1 dm3
2 dm3

1 dm3

5 mole in 1 dm3 15 mole in 2 dm3

(5 M)

5 mole in 1 dm3
(5 M)

Mole
Mole
Conc
Vol .(dm 3 )
Vol .(dm 3 )
15
5
Conc
7.5M
Conc 5M
2
1

Mole M V
Mole 5 1 5mol

5 mole in 1 dm3
(5 M)

10 mole in 2 dm3
(5 M)

Conc

Mole M V
Mole 5 1 5mol

Mole M V
Mole 7.5 2 15mol

Amt (mole)
CHANGE
Conc CHANGE

Mole M V
Mole 5 2 10mol

Vol increase

Amt (mole)

Conc remain
same
Amt (mole)
CHANGE
Conc NO CHANGE

5 g of CuSO4 dissolve in water form 500

ml sol
Cal conc in g/dm3 and mol/dm3

Cal mass of Na2CO3 require to prepare

200 ml sol,
containing 50 g/dm3

5 g CuSO4

Mass CuSO4 = 5 g,
Vol sol = 500 cm3 0.5
dm3

Mass.( g )
Vol .(dm 3 )
5
Mole
0.03125mol
160

Mass.( g )
Vol .(dm 3 )
5
Conc
10 gdm 3
0.5

Mole

Conc

Mole
Vol .(dm 3 )
0.03125
Conc
0.0625M
0.5
Conc

Cal moles of NH3 in 150 ml of 2M NH3

sol.

150 cm3

2M

Mole Conc Vol

Mole 2 0.150 0.3mol

10g

Conc = 50 g/dm3

0.2 dm3

Mass.( g )
Vol .(dm 3 )
Mass Conc Vol
Mass 50 0.2 10 g

Conc

Cal vol in dm3 of 0.8M H2SO4 which contain 0.2

mol.
0.2mol

0.8 M

Mole Conc Vol

Mole 0.2
Vol

0.25dm 3
Conc 0.8

4 g of Na2CO3 dissolved in
250cm3 water. Cal its molarity.

250cm3 of HNO3 contain 0.4

mol.
Cal its molarity.

4 g Na2CO3

0.25 dm3

Mass.( g )
Mole
Mr
Mole

4
0.0377 mol
106

Mole
Conc
Vol .(dm 3 )
0.0377
Conc
0.15M
0.25

Cal moles of H+ ion in 200 cm3 of

0.5M H2SO4

0.4 mol

0.25 dm3

Mole Conc Vol

Mole
0.4
Conc

1.6 M
Vol
0.250
HCI has conc of 2M. Find mass of
HCI gas
in 250cm3 in HCI.

Moles?

0.5 M, 0.2 dm3

2.0M 0.25 dm3

Mole Conc Vol

Mole 0.5 0.2 0.1mol
H2SO4
0.1 mol

2 H+
SO42-

2 mol H

Mass ?

+
+

H2SO4 diprotic produce 2 mol

H+

Mole Conc Vol

Mole 2 0.250 0.5mol
RMM HCI = 36.5

Mass Mole RMM

Mass 0.5 36.5 18.25 g

Cal vol water added to 60 cm3, 2M of

H2SO4
to produce 0.3M H2SO4

Cal molarity of KOH when

750 cm3
water added to 250cm3, 0.8M
KOH

60cm3

250cm3
0.8M

750cm3 water

2M

Mol bef dilution = Mol aft dilution

M1 V1 = M2V2
2 x 60 = 0.3 x V2
V2 = 2.0 x 60
0.3
V2 = 400 cm3 (final vol)
Vol water = 400 60 = 340cm3 added

Mol bef dilution = Mol aft dilution

M1 V1 = M2V2
0.8 x 250 = M2 x 1000
M2 = 0.8 x 250
1000
M2 = 0.2M

Cal molarity of NaOH when 500cm3 , 2

mol NaOH added to 1500 cm3, 4 mol
NaOH

Cal molarity of HCI produce when

200cm3 , 2M HCI added to 300 cm3,
0.5M of HCI
A

2 mol

500cm3

4 mol
1500cm3

6 mol

2M

2000 cm3

Total mol = (2 + 4) = 6mol

Total vol = (500 + 1500)
= 2000 cm3
Moles = M x V
M = Moles
V
= 6 mol
2 dm3
= 3.0 mol/dm3

? cm3

200cm3

Mole A = M x V
1000
=2x
200
1000
mol

0.5M

?M

300cm3

500cm3

Mole B = M x V
1000
= 0.5 x
300

1000
= 0.4
= 0.15
Total molesmol
A + B = 0.4 + 0.15 =
0.55 mol
Total vol = (200 + 300) = 500 cm3
Moles = M x V
Conc = Moles = 0.55 = 1.1 M
V
0.5

Prepare 250cm3, 0.1M HCI using conc

HCI, 1.63M. What vol of conc acid must
be diluted.

Cal conc when 2 g KCI dissolved in 250

cm3 of sol

? cm3

1.63M

2 g KCI

0.1M

Mass.( g )
Mole
Mr

250cm3

Mol bef dilution = Mol aft dilution

M1 V1 = M2V2
1.63 x V1 = 0.1 x 250
V1 = 0.1 x 250
1.63
V1 = 15.3 cm3

How to prepare 500cm3 of 0.1M NaCI

sol

Mole

250cm3

Mole
Vol .(dm 3 )
0.02683
Conc
0.107 M
0.250
Conc

2
0.02683mol
74.55

How to prepare 1.2 dm3 , 0.4M HCI

sol
starting from 2 M HCI ?

2..92 g NaCI
240
cm3

0.1 M
2M
500 cm3

Moles NaCI = M x V
= 0.1 x 0.5
= 0.05 mol
Moles NaCI = Mass
RMM
Mass = Moles x RMM = 0.05 x
58.5
=
Weigh2.92
2.92gg NaCI, make up to 500cm3 sol in a
volumetric flask

0.4 M

1.2
dm3

Mol bef dilution = Mol aft dilution

M1 V1 = M2V2
2 x V1 = 0.4 x 1.2
V1 = 0.4 x 1.2
2
M2 = 0.24
3
Measure
3
dm
or 240 240
cm3 cm of 2M HCI, make
up
to 1.2 dm3 using volumetric flask

Acknowledgements
Thanks to source of pictures and video used
in this presentation
Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent
contribution on licenses
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/