New Supervisor Training Rev-01

Grasberg Mine-Geotechnical
Department
Geo&Technical Services Division
NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

2005
GRASBERG MINE
GEOTECHNICAL
November 9, 2005
Trijanto Poespito Loran Budiyono
Department

2005
BASIC GEOTECHNICAL TERMS and

CONVENTIONS
Department

2005
BASIC GEOTECHNICAL TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

Pit Wall
Result of mining excavations, which normally form the series of slopes and benches.
Catch Bench
A cut bench on the rock slope. Its sole purpose is to catch the rock/material so they do not continue unhindered to the toe
of the slope. This catch bench is designed in a specific width relative to its height so the rock will come to rest before falling
off the next crest.
Bench Face Angle (BFA)
The angle, measured in degrees of deviation from the horizontal, at which the earthy or rock material will stand.
Bench Height
The vertical distance from the top of a bench to the floor or to the top of the next lower bench.
Interramp Slope Angle (ISA)
A slope angle that is determined between the mining ramps and usually measured from crest-to-crest or toe-to-toe.
Overall Slope Angle
A slope angle that is determined from series of catch benches/bench faces combinations. It is defined from the most upper
slope crest to the lowest toe of the slope.
Blast Pattern
The array of drilled holes on the surface to be loaded and detonated in sequence; a pattern is indicated by the distance
between holes in a row (spacing) and between rows (burden).
Back-Break
Rock broken beyond the limits of the last row of holes marking the outer boundary in a blast.
Failure Material/Debris
Any surficial accumulation of loose material detached from rock masses by alteration and mechanical means.
Slope Failure
Gradual or rapid downslope movement of rock forming the slope under gravitational stress; often as a result of man-caused
factors; e.g., removal of material from the base of a slope.
Department

2005

Failure Material/Debris
Any surficial accumulation of loose material detached from rock masses by alteration and mechanical means.
Under Cutting Slope
The process of cutting under the slope face/toe with a shovel or other machines, so the slope can be shot down readily or
causing to fall.
Slope Support
Materials placed in slope face to reinforce or to counteract or to protect the slope from potential rock fall and loose ground.
The common reinforcement materials utilized are rock bolting, rock fences, wire mash.
Loose Rocks/Ground
Broken, fragmented, or loosely cemented bedrock material that tends to slough downslope.
Scaling Face
The plucking down or Removal of loose overhanging rocks from the bench face.
Bench Drainage
A drainage system constructed along the benches to divert the surface run-off out of mining area.
Back Slope
Gentle slope surfaces that tip to the wall. In bench drainage, the back slope is commonly tipping of 1-2%.
Berm/Bund
For this SOP, berm/bund is an artificial ridge of earth that is built at the outer edge of the bench.
Slope Support
Materials placed in slope face to reinforce or to counteract or to protect the slope from potential rock fall and loose ground.
The common reinforcement materials utilized are rock bolting, rock fences, wire mash.
Effective Slope Angle
Designing wide catch benches every few benches through the broken zone as a function of slope height to maintain the
recommended slope angle.
Design Sectors
The areas with similar rock type, geologic structure and wall orientation.
Department

2005
Department

2005

Bench Design
Function of bench height, bench face angle and bench width.

- Bench Height
: determined by mining equipment used
- Bench Face Angle
: controlled primarily by the orientation of geologic structures and by blasting and excavation methods
- Bench Width
: calculated based on the bench height and bench face angle

2005
Department
GEOTECHNICAL PIT DESIGN

CNI & PTFI May 2005
Department

2005
GEOTECHNICAL PIT DESIGN (CNI & PTFI May 2005)

The evaluation was made due to the geotechnical model used for mine planning
and geotechnical assessments of the Grasberg Pit changed.
The May 2005 geotechnical rock type model made us of the PTFI April 2005 RQD
model and incorporate changes in the rock type interpretation since the May 2004
model release.
The changes since the last model release are;
1. PTFI estimated RQD
2. PTFI re-interpretation of rock types
3. Re-interpretation of high liquefaction potential solids using both CNI and PTFI interpretations
4. Addition of CNIs Carstenzweide sediment interpretation
5. Addition of all present and future OBS
6. Addition of structural domains
7. Realignment of design sectors
8. Addition of the Grasberg contact zone
9. Addition of north clay and clay/sericite
Department

2005
GRASBERG PIT SLOPE DESIGN SUMMARY (CNI & PTFI May 2005)
Department

2005
GRASBERG PIT SLOPE DESIGN SUMMARY (CNI & PTFI May 2005)
Department

2005
GRASBERG PIT SLOPE DESIGN SECTORS (CNI & PTFI May

2005)
Department

2005
GENERAL INDICATIONS OF GROUND

CONTROL ISSUES
Department

2005
GENERAL INDICATIONS OF GROUND CONTROL ISSUES

General Indications are;
1. Cracking
2. Raveling
3. Falling Rock
4. Creeping
5. Geometric changing of the slope
Extensometers (SMS, GPS and Prism)

To monitor cracks movement
Slope Stability Radar (SSR) and Prism
To monitor raveling, falling rock, creeping and geometric changing of the slope
Borehole Inclinometer
Determine the subsurface extent of instability

2005
Department
GEOTECHNICAL METHODS OF MONITORING

GROUND CONTROL ISSUES
1. Surface
2. Subsurface

2005
Department
GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

The Objectives are;
1. To provide early warning of impending instability
2. To provide geotechnical information
3. To establish whether deformation is responding to remedial measures
4. To help differentiate between normal elastic movements and incipient slope failure
5. To provide early warning of impending failure so mine planning and operating practices can
modify the plan to
minimize the impact of slope deformation
Monitoring Schedule Active Mining
Monitoring Frequency
Slope Velocity
(mm/day)
Visual Inspection
Device Check
Crack Mapping
<2.5
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
2.5 - 25
Daily
Daily
Weekly
25 - 50
Each Shift
Daily w/ continuous
recorded
Weekly
> 50
2 x Shift
2 x Day w/ continuous
recorded
Daily
Department

2005

Grasberg Geotech Monitoring Locations
LEGEND :
SSR
GPS Network
SMS
RTS Prisms
RTS Base
Station
Rainfall station
Department

2005

Slope Monitoring System (SMS)
Monitor tension crack

near head wall of
failure
All weather condition
Real time
Alarm set up
Department

SMS Reading Criteria

2005
Department

2005

Robotic Total Station (RTS)
Large number of prism can be monitored

Velocity and acceleration easy calculated
Provide slope displacement direction and facilitated understanding of failure mode
Department

2005

Slope Stability Radar (SSR)
Detecting low magnitude

displacement (0.5mm)
Continuous monitoring for
all
weather
Near real time (10min
scan)
Large slope area monitor
20000m2
No need access to install
and
no need for reflectors
Set up alarm with
different
Department

2005

SSR Viewer
GRS-Geotech provides the criteria and data interpretation for the movement recorded
Department

2005

InteTrack GPS Monitoring Network
Five-second kinematics and 15minutes static interval

Static more
technique
precise
Rain, cloud and dust not

interfere
Simultaneous processed by
Orions
InteTrack Software
Department

Manual Crack Mater
Deploy rapidly
Installed in accessible area
Able to identify direction and acceleration

2005

2005
Department

Comparison Between the Monitoring Devices
Monitoring
device
Range
Wall
Coverage
Update
Rate
Deplo
y
All Weather Precisio

n
SSR
850m
Broad area
Min
Easy
yes
0.5mm
GPS
(Static
calculation)
n/a
Discrete point
Min
Difficult
yes
1cm
SMS
25m
Discrete point
Sec
Mod.
yes
1mm
RTS
1.5km
Discrete point
Few
times/day
Mod.
no
2cm
Manual Crack
n/a
Discrete point
Daily/weekl
y
Easy
no
5mm

2005
Department
GEOTECHNICAL METHODS OF MONITORING

GROUND CONTROL ISSUES
1. Surface
2. Subsurface
Department
GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SUBSURFACE)

The Objectives are;
To determine the subsurface extent of instability.
The devices are;

Borehole Inclinometers
A borehole inclinometer that measures the angular deflection of the hole will give
deformation normal to the axis of the hole. Inclinometers are used to determine the
zone of instability and for measuring the extent and the rate of horizontal
movement within the groundmass. Also can be used in determining failure modes.
Piezometers
The correlation between pore water pressure and slope stability is well established.
Measuring groundwater level is an important part of monitoring by using simple
standpipe piezometer.
Vibrating Wire Piezometers
Measuring the pore water pressure.

2005
Department

2005
EFFECTS OF WATER ON MINING
Department

2005
EFFECTS OF WATER ON MINING

Groundwater
1. Increase pore water pressure
2. Effect in instability of slope (broken zone)
3. Effect in blast holes
4. Effect in pit drilling
Water Run-off
1. Instability of the slope (falling rock, raveling, sliding of loose material)
2. Wash out the slope that formed by weak material (GTRCK-01, GTRCK-02, Contact Zones and
dumps)
3. Poor trafficability of trucks
4. Ponding water (interrupt mining activities shovel, trucks and light vehicle)
5. Create an acid water

2005
Department
DEWATERING
Department

2005
DEWATERING
The primary goal of a pit dewatering program
To reduce the pore water pressure in the rock.
Dewatering would impact to;

1. Reduction of pore water pressure, and will increase the stability of the pit slope
2. Also benefit an efficient mining process through avoiding wet blast
Grasberg Hydrology Programs ;

1. Dewatering program (horizontal drilling entire the Grasberg pit which is indicated high water
pressure and/or pearch water
2. Drainage monitoring, consists of the following;
- Rainfall monitoring at the open pit site
- Pore pressure monitoring from the drainage gallery
- Monitoring flow rates at a number locations at the drainage gallery
Department
DEWATERING
Horizontal drilling program at the Grasberg Pit

2005
Department

2005
METHODS OF FAILURE PREVENTION

(SLIDE MANAGEMENT)
Department

2005
SLIDE MANAGEMENT
When mine slope instability occurs several responses are possible;
1. Leave the unstable area alone
2. Continue mining without changing the mine plan
3. Unload the displaced area through additional stripping
4. Leave a step-out
5. Do a partial cleanup
6. Mine out the instability
7. Support the unstable ground
8. Dewater the unstable area
Each case should be evaluated individually, cost benefit comparisons should be

conducted. The following guidelines should be observed;
1. When instability is in an abandoned or inactive area, it can be left alone
2. If the displacement rate is low and predictable, and if the area must be mined, continue to mine
may be the
best action.
3. In some situations involving high water pressure, unloading actually decreases stability
4. Steps out have been uses successfully in several mines
5. Partial clean up may be the best choice where an instability blocks a haul road or displaces on to a
working area
6. Where the instability occurs on a specific structure and there is competent rock behind the
structures, mining
out the slope failure may be the optimum choice
Department

2005
SLIDE MANAGEMENT
Contingency Planning
Mine planning should have the flexibility to respond to slope instability, rather than an after the fact
crisis response to force deviation from rigid mine plan.
Contingency plans should be prepared in advance so that the response to slope instability is well
though out.
Operational flexibility should be built into the mine plan;
1. Adequate ore should be exposed and accessible from several different locations
2. There should be more than one access into the pit
3. Production scheduling and budgeting should have a provision for slide cleanup
Department

2005
BLASTING FOR WALL INTEGRITY IN

SPECIFIC MATERIAL TYPES
Department

2005
BLASTING
Blasting can have significant impact on slope design
Excessive blast induced damage can extent into the final pit wall and result in increased backbreak and
flatter bench face angle.
To obtain steeper slope angles, it is necessary to develop and maintain comprehensive blasting
program which will result in minimized overbreak.
Blasting control
The following steps should be taken to optimize blasting in areas near the final wall;
1. Blast holes should be carefully planned, staked and drilled
2. Choke blasting into excessive burden or broken muck should be avoided
3. The front row charges should be adequate to move the front row burden
4. The main charge and patterns should be optimized
5. Adequate delays should be used to ensure movement to the free face
6. The back row holes should be offset from the final wall dig line by the distance at which damage
could be
expected based on seismic velocity data to control backbreak

New Supervisor Training Rev-01

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Grasberg Mine-Geotechnical

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

Trijanto Poespito Loran Budiyono

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

BASIC GEOTECHNICAL TERMS and

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

BASIC GEOTECHNICAL TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

BASIC GEOTECHNICAL TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

BASIC GEOTECHNICAL TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

BASIC GEOTECHNICAL TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

Function of bench height, bench face angle and bench width.

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GEOTECHNICAL PIT DESIGN

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GEOTECHNICAL PIT DESIGN (CNI & PTFI May 2005)

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG PIT SLOPE DESIGN SECTORS (CNI & PTFI May

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GENERAL INDICATIONS OF GROUND

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GENERAL INDICATIONS OF GROUND CONTROL ISSUES

Extensometers (SMS, GPS and Prism)

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GEOTECHNICAL METHODS OF MONITORING

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

Monitoring Schedule Active Mining

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

Monitor tension crack

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

Large number of prism can be monitored

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

Detecting low magnitude

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

Five-second kinematics and 15minutes static interval

Rain, cloud and dust not

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SURFACE)

All Weather Precisio

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

GEOTECHNICAL METHODS OF MONITORING

GRASBERG MONITORING PROGRAMS (SUBSURFACE)

The devices are;

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING

EFFECTS OF WATER ON MINING

NEW SUPERVISOR TRAINING