Finite Element Methods

Topic: 1D Finite element formulation

UNIT-I

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

1.Axially loaded elastic bar is Example for 1D Finite Element Problems

Node:2

Node:1

Node:2

A(x) = cross section at x

f(x) = body force distribution
(force per unit length)
x E(x) = Youngs modulus

x
x=L
x=0
Element: It is the small portion of the member and described with
node numbers by indicating the field variables. Element is
characterized with Area), Length) and Material Property)
1D Bar Element: Field Variable is u Displacement.
q1 , q2 and q3 are nodal displacements.
Degrees of Freedom: No. nodal variables at each node (Here it is one)
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

2. 1D Single Element Under

body force and point loads:

1
q1 P1

Total potential energy

U WP
1
U T dV
Strain Energy
2 V
WP f u dV Pq

Work Potential

Linear Displacement :

u a 0 a1 x
Nodal conditions:
At x=0, u=q1
At x=L, u=q2

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

q2

P2

F: Body force
P: Point force

After substitution:

a 0 q1
a1 (q 2 q1 ) / L

Linear Displacement in terms of Nodal values are given by

x
x
u (1 )q1 q 2
L
L
u N 1 q1 N 2 q 2
x
N 1 (1 )
L
x
N2
L
N 1 andN 2 arecalleds hapefunctions

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

Strain is given by
u

dx
1

L

1
1
q1 q2
L
L
1 q1
L q2

Bq

Stress is given by

E EBq E[

1
1
1
q1 q2 ] E
L
L
L

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

1
L

q1
q
2

Potential Energy in terms of Nodal values

2

Strain Energy

Work Potential

Potential
Energy

1
1 1
1
U dV E
q1 q2 AL
2 V
2 L
L
1
1 L
x
x
WP f u dV Pq f [ (1 - )q1 ( )q 2 ]Adx P1q1 P2 q2
2 V
2 0
L
L
fAL
fAL
WP
q1
q2 P1q1 P2 q2
2
2
2

1 1
1
fAL
fAL
U WP E
q1 q2 AL
q1
q2 P1q1 P2 q2
2 L
L
2
2

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

According to Principle of Minimum Potential Energy

Set

0
dq1

Set

0
dq 2
2

1 1
1
fAL
fAL
where U WP E
q1 q 2 AL
q1
q 2 P1 q1 P2 q 2
2 L
L
2
2
EA
fAL
EA

1
L
L q1
2
EA EA

fAL
q

2 P2

L
L
2

Finite Element Equation

Kq F

K: Stiffness Matrix

F: Load vector; q=Nodal Displacement vector

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

3:Extension of Finite Element Formulation for Two elements under Point

Loads:

Total potential energy=sum of potential energies of the elements

(w) 1 (w) 2 (w) 3 (w)

2

1 1
1
1 1
1
U U1 U 2 E
q1 q2 AL E
q2 q3 AL
2 L
L
2 L
L
WP WP1 WP2 P1q1 P2 q2 P3q3
1 1
1
1 1
1
U WP E
q1 q2 AL E
q2 q3 AL P1q1 P2 q2 P3 q3
2 L
L
2 L
L

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

Set

0
dq1

Set
0
dq 2
Set

0
dq3

Whichgives

E1 A1

L1
E1 A1

L1
0

E1 A1

L1
E1 A1 E 2 A2

L1
L2
E 2 A2

L2

P1
q1
E A
2 2 q 2 P2
L2

P3
E 2 A2 q3
L2

Kq F
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

4.Extension of Finite Element Formulation for Three

elements:

E1 A1
L
1

E1 A1

L1

0
0

E1 A1

L1
E1 A1 E 2 A2

L1
L2
E A
2 2
L2
0

0
E A
2 2
L2
E 2 A2 E3 A3

L2
L3
E3 A3
L3

q P
1
1
0
q 2 P2

E3 A3 q 3 P3

L3 q 4 P4
E3 A3

L3

Kq F

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

5.1D Element under varying body force:

q2

q1

At x=0 , f=0 and x=L , f=f0

Varying Load is given by

f=f0 x/L
2

1
1 1
1
U dV E
q1 q 2 AL
2 V
2 L
L
1
1 L
x
x
x
WP f u dV f 0 [ (1 - )q1 ( )q 2 ]Adx
2 V
2 0
L
L
L
f AL
f AL
WP 0
q1 0
q2
6
3
1 1
1
U WP E
q1 q 2
2 L
L

f 0 AL
f 0 AL
AL
q1
q2
6
3

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST


Set
0
dq1
Set

0
dq 2

EA
f 0 AL
EA

L
L q1 6
f AL
EA EA
q
0

2
L
L

3
Kq F

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

6.1D Element under Temperature Loading:

Thermal Strain

l LT
l
0
T
L

1
1 L
1 L
2
U ( 0 )dV E ( 0 ) Adx E ( T ) 2 Adx
2 V
2 o
2 o
1 L
du
1
du
One term neglected
U E ( T ) 2 Adx EAL( T ) 2
o
2
dx
2
dx
1
du
du
1 1
1
U EAL[( ) 2 2 T ] E
q1 q 2
2
dx
dx
2 L
L
1 EA
U
q1 q 2 2 EAT q1 q 2
2 L
WP 0
U WP

1
1
q1 q 2
L
L

AL EALT

1 EA
q1 q2 2 EAT q1 q 2
2 L
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST


Set
0
dq1

Set
0
dq2
EA
EA

L
L q1 EAT
EA EA q
EAT

2
L
L

Kq F

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

7. Summary of Derivation Finite Element Formulation:

STEP1: APPROXIMATE THE DISPLACEMENT WITHIN EACH
ELEMENT
STEP 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN AND STRESS WITHIN
EACH ELEMENT WITH STRAIN DISPLACEMENT AND STRESS
STRAIN RELATIONS
STEP3:OBTAIN STRAIN ENERGY AND WORK POTENTIAL
STEP4:OBTAIN POTENTIAL ENERGY
STEP4: DERIVE THE STIFFNESS MATRIX AND LOAD VECTOR
OF EACH ELEMENT USING THE MINIMUM POTENTIAL
ENEGRGY
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

8.Express stiffness matrix K expression in terms of Matrix B

Express Load Vector F in terms of Matrix N
U Nq

Bq
E
1
1
1
T
T

dV

(
E

dV

( ) T EdV

V
V
V
2
2
2
1
1
U ( Bq ) T E ( Bq ) dV q T ( B T EBdV )q
V
2 V
2
Comparewit h
1
U Kq 2
2
Where
U

B T EBdV

WP

u f dV

(Nq) T fdV q T [ N T fdV]

V

Compare with
WP q T F
Where
F

N T fdV
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

9. The Sketch of shape functions for a 1D linear element

Within the element, the displacement approximation is

L-x
x
u(x)
q1 q 2
L
L
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

10. 1D Element having variable cross section area:

Problem:
E=30x106 N/cm2
6
=0.2836 N/cm3
Thickness of plate, t=1cm
12
24
P=100N
3
x

Model the plate as 2 finite elements and

(1)Write the expression for element stiffness
matrix and body force vectors
(2) Assemble the global stiffness matrix and
load vector
(3) Solve for the unknown displacements
(4) Evaluate the stress in each element
(5) Evaluate the reaction in each support
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

11.Linear Bar Element

Linear Element
u
x

u2

f(x)

u1

P1

P2

L = x2-x1

x=x1

x= x2

u (x) a0 a1 x

u (x) N1q1 N 2 q2
P1
K11

P2
K12

Note that

K12
K 22

q1

q2

N1

N1 N 2 1
x=x1

Sketch of Shape function

x=x2

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

12.Higher Order Bar Element

Quadratic Element
u
x

q2

q1

q3

u (x) a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2

u (x) N1q1 N 2 q2 N 3 q3

F3 x1 K 3 x 3 q3 x1

N1 N 2 N 3 1

Cubic Element
u
x

q1

q2

q3

q4

u (x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x3

u (x) N1q1 N 2 q2 N 3 q3 N 4 q4
N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 1
F4 x1 K 4 x 4 q4 x1
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

13.Natural Coordinates for bar element

=-1

x l

x 0

Natural (or Normal) Coordinate:

=-1

=1

=1

x 1

,
L
2
x 1
N2
L
2
N1 1

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

1
x
L
2

14.Quadratic Formulation for Bar Element

f(x)

u1

P1

u2

u3

P2

x3
=1

x2
=0

x1
=-1

u N 1 q1 N 2 q 2 N 3 q3

2x
x 1

N1 1 1
,
L
L
2

x
2x
N2
1 1 1 ,
L
L
N3

1
4x
x
1
L
L
2

u N 1

x x

N 2
x

N 3
x

q1
q Bq
2
q3

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

P3

u ( ) q1 N1 ( ) q2 N 2 ( ) q3 N 3 ( ) q1

1
1
q2 1 1 q3
2
2

1
1
N1
, N 2 1 1 , N 3
2
2

=-1

=0

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

=1

K B EBdV
T

F N
V

1 8
7
EA

B T EBAdx
1
7

3L
8 8 8

fdV N T
0

1
6
1
fAdx fAL
6
2
3

K q= F

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

Example on Quadratic Element:

The Link is rotating at at uniform angular speed of 20R/s. Find End Axial Deflection with
two quadratic element

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

Cubic bar
Element Shape
Functions:

N1

=-1

9
1

16
3

N3

=1

1
27
1 1 1
1 , N 2
3
16
3

27
1 1 1 , N 4 9 1 1 1
16
3
16
3
3

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

15. Observations of 1D Finite Element Solution

1. Slope discontinuity
2. The finite element solution does not produce the exact
solution even at the nodes
3. We may improve the solution by
(a) Increasing the number of elements
(b) Using higher order elements (e.g., quadratic instead of
linear)

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

16.Boundary Treatment With Potential Energy Approach OR

Boundary Treatment With Elimination Approach:
q2

q1

u
x

Let
1 1
1
U U1 U 2 U 3 E
q1 q 2
2 L
L

q4

q3

q1 a
q4 b

1 1
1
AL E
q 2 q3
2 L
L

Specified Boundary Conditions

1 1
1
AL E
q3 q 4
2 L
L

AL

WP P1 q1 P2 q 2 P3 q3 P4 q 4
2

1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
U WP E
q1 q 2 AL E
q 2 q3 AL E
q3 q 4
2 L
L
2 L
L
2 L
L
1
1
1
2
2
2
s1 q1 q 2 s 2 q 2 q3 s3 q3 q 4 P1 q1 P2 q 2 P3 q3 P4 q 4
2
2
2
where
EA
s
L

1
1
1
2
2
2
s1 a q 2 s 2 q 2 q3 s3 q3 b P1 a P2 q 2 P3 q3 P4 b
2
2
2
@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

AL P1 q1 P2 q 2 P3 q3 P4 q 4

Set

0
dq 2

Set

0
dq3

s1 a q 2 s 2 q 2 q3 P2 0
s 2 q 2 q3 s3 q3 b P3 0
s1 s 2
s
2

s2
s 2 s3

q2
P2 s1 a
q P s b
2
3
3

Now Solve this equation

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

17.Procedure to implement specified Boundary conditions:

s1

s1 s 2

s2

s2

s 2 s3

s3

Global Matrix

s1
s
1

0
0

q1
q
2

s 3 q3

s3 q 4

P1
P
2

P3

P4

Eliminate Rows
and columns of
specified nodes

Obtain
Modified
K and F
Reduced Stiffness
Matrix

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

Modified
Load Vector

Example on
Specified
Boundary:

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

18.Boundary Treatment With Potential Energy Approach OR

Boundary Treatment With Elimination Approach:

q2

q1

Let

q3

q 3 q 4

1
1
1
2
2
2
s1 q1 q2 s2 q2 q3 s3 q3 q4 P1q1 P2 q2 P3q3 P4 q4
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
s1 q1 q2 s2 q2 q4 s3 q4 q4 P1q1 P2 q2 P3q4 P4 q4
2
2
2

Set
0
dq1

Set

0
dq2

Set

0
dq4

s1 q1 q2 P1 0

s1 q1 q2 s2 q2 q4 P2 0

s2 q2 q4 s3 q4 q4 ( 1) P3 P4 0

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

q4

 s1
s
1
0

s1
0

s1 s2
s2

2
2
s2 s2 ( 1) s3

P1
q1
q

P
2
2

q4 P4 P3

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

19.Boundary Treatment With Potential Energy Approach OR

Boundary Treatment With Elimination Approach:
q1

Let

q2

q 3 q 4
q3 q 4

q4

q3

Multiple constraints

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
s1 q1 q 2 s 2 q 2 q 3 s 3 q 3 q 4 s 4 q 4 q 5 P1 q1 P2 q 2 P3 q3 P4 q 4 P5 q5
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
s1 q1 q 2 s 2 q 2 q 5 s3 q 5 q 5 s 4 q 5 q 5 P1 q1 P2 q 2 P3q 5 P4 q 5 P5 q 5
2
2
2
2

Set
0
dq1

Set

0
dq 2

Set

0
dq 5

s1 q1 q 2 P1 0

s1 q1 q 2 s 2 q 2 q 5 P2 0

s 2 q 2 q5 s 3 q5 q 5 ( ) s 4 q 5 q 5 ( 1) P3 P4 P5 0

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

 s1 s1
s s s
1 1 2
0 s2

P1
q1

s 2
P
2
2

s2 2 s3 ( ) 2 s4 ( 1) 2 q5 P4 P3 P4
0

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

Example on Multipoint Constraints

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST

END OF UNIT-II

@2011,Dr.A.Purushotham,SNIST