CH 9

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 9
Electronic Devices, 9th edition

Thomas L. Floyd
2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

All rights reserved.
Summary
The Common-Source Amplifier
In a CS amplifier, the input
signal is applied to the gate
and the output signal is taken
from the drain. The amplifier
has higher input resistance
and lower gain than the
equivalent CE amplifier.
+VDD
RD
C3
Vout
C1
RL
Vin
RG
RS
C2
The voltage gain is given by the equation Av = gmRd.

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
Recall that conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and admittance
is the reciprocal of impedance. Data sheets typically specify the
forward transfer admittance, yfs rather than transconductance, gm. The
definition of yfs is
I D
y fs
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Forward Transfer Admittance
(VDS = 15 Vdc, VGS = 0)
VG
Symbol
2N5457
2N5458
|Yfs|
Min
Typ
1000
1500
3000
4000
Max
5000
5500
Unit
mhos
An alternate gain expression for a CS amplifier is Av = yfsRd.

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
You can estimate what the transfer
characteristic looks like from values on
the specification sheet, but keep in mind
that large variations are common with
JFETs. For example, the range of
specified values for a 2N5458 is shown.
OFF CHARACTERISTICS
Gate-Source Cutoff Voltage
(VDS = 15 Vdc, iD = 10 nAdc)
ON CHARACTERISTICS
Zero Gate-Source Drain Current
(VDS = 15 Vdc, VGS = 0)

Thomas L. Floyd
ID (mA)
9
2
VGS (V)
Symbol
2N5457
2N5458
2N5457
2N5458
V GS(off)
Symbol
I DSS
Min
-0.5
-1.0
Typ
-
Max
-6.0
-7.0
Min
Typ
Max
1.0
2.0
3.0
6.0
5.0
9.0
Unit
Vdc
Unit
mAdc

Summary
To analyze the CS amplifier. you need to start with dc values. It is useful
to estimate ID based on typical values; specific circuits will vary from
this estimate.
VDD
+12 V
For a typical 2N5458, what is

the drain current?
RD
2.7 k
Vout
C1
2N5458
From the specification sheet, the

typical IDSS = 6.0 mA and VGS(off)
= 4 V. These values can be
plotted along with the load line
to obtain a graphical solution.
Thomas L. Floyd
0.1 F
Vin
100 mV
RG
10 M
RS
470
C2
10 F
See the following slide

Summary
(continued)
A graphical solution is illustrated.
On the transconductance curve,
plot the load line for the source
resistor.
Load line for 470 resistor
ID (mA)
Then read the current and

voltage at the Q-point.
ID = 2.8 mA and
VGS = 1.3 V
Thomas L. Floyd
VGS (V)
1.3 V
2.8 mA

Summary
(continued)
I D RS
Alternatively, you can obtain ID using Equation 9-2: I D I DSS 1
V
GS(off)
The solution to this quadratic equation is simplified using a calculator

that can handle quadratic equations.
ID=IDSS (1(ID RS/VG...
After entering the equation, enter the
ID= .0027494671581759
IDSS= .006
known values, but leave ID open.
RS= 470
enter absolute
For the typical values for the 2N5458,
VGSOFF= 4.0
value
(IDSS = 6 mA and VGS(off) = 4 V) with a
bound=(1E 99,1E 99)
source resistance of 470 , we find
GRAPH RANGE ZOOM TRACE SOLVE
2.75 mA.
press F5

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
Assume IDSS is 6.0 mA, VGS(off) is 4 V, and VGS = 1.3 V as
found previously. What is the expected gain?
Output is
inverted
gm0
VDD
+12 V
2 6.0 mA
2 I DSS
3.0 mS
4
V
VGS(off)
V
g m g m 0 1 GS
VGS(off)
1.3 V
3.0 mS 1
4.0 V
2.02 mS
RD
2.7 k
Vout
C1
2N5458
0.1 F
Vin
100 mV
RG
10 M
RS
470
C2
10 F
Av = gmRd = (2.02 mS)(2.7 k) = 5.45

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
The gain is reduced when a load is connected to the amplifier because
the total ac drain resistance (Rd) is reduced.
VDD
+12 V
How does the addition of the

10 k load affect the gain?
Rd
RD
2.7 k
C1
RD RL
RD RL
2.7 k 10 k
2.7 k 10 k
2.13 k
Vout
2N5458
0.1 F
Vin
100 mV
RG
10 M
RS
470
C2
10 F
RL
10 k
Av = gmRd = (2.02 mS)(2.13 k) = 4.29

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
The D-MOSFET
In operation, the D-MOSFET has the unique property in that it can be
operated with zero bias, allowing the signal to swing above and below
ground. This means that it can operate in either D-mode or E-mode.
ID
+VDD
RD C2
Vout
Id
C1
RL
Vin

Thomas L. Floyd
RG
VGS
+VGS
Vgs

Summary
The E-MOSFET
The E-MOSFET is a normally off device. The n-channel device is biased
on by making the gate positive with respect to the source. A voltagedivider biased E-MOSFET amplifier is shown.
ID
Enhancement
+VDD
R1
RD
C3
Vout
C1
Id
RL
Vin
IDQ
R2
RS
C2
VGS
VGS(th)
Vgs
VGSQ

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
The E-MOSFET
The E-MOSFET amplifier in
Example 9-8 is illustrated in
Multisim using a 2N7000 MOSFET.

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
The Common-Drain Amplifier
In a CD amplifier, the input
signal is applied to the gate
and the output signal is taken
from the source. There is no
drain resistor, because it is
common to the input and
output signals.
+VDD
C1
Vin
C2
RG
The voltage gain is given by the equation Av
RS
Vout
RL
g m Rs
1 g m Rs
The voltage gain is always < 1, but the power gain is not.
Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
The Cascode Amplifier
The cascode connection is
a combination of CS and
CG amplifiers. This forms
a good high-frequency
amplifier. The input and
output signals at 10 MHz
are shown for this circuit
on the following slide

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
The Cascode Amplifier
The input signal for the
cascode amplifier is
shown in red; the output
is blue. What is the gain?
The peak of the input
is 24.7 mV.
The peak of the output
is 2.33 V.
AV = 94.3

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
The Class-D Amplifier
MOSFETs are useful as class-D amplifiers, which are very efficient
because they operate as switching amplifiers. They use pulse width
modulation, a process in which the input signal is converted to a series
of pulses. The pulse width varies proportionally to the amplitude of
the input signal.
Pulse-width modulation is easy to set up in Multisim. The
following slide shows the circuit. A sine wave is compared to a
faster triangle wave of the about the same amplitude using a
comparator (a 741 op-amp can be used at low frequencies).

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
A circuit that you can use
in lab or in Multisim to
observe pulse width
modulation in action. The
scope display is shown on
the following slide

Thomas L. Floyd
Op-amp set
up as a
comparator

Summary
The signal is the yellow sine wave and is compared
repeatedly to the triangle (cyan). The result of the
comparison is the output (magenta).

Thomas L. Floyd

Summary
The modulated signal is amplified
by class-B complementary
MOSFET transistors. The output
is filtered by a low-pass filter to
recover the original signal and
remove the higher modulation
frequency.
PWM is also useful in control
applications such as motor
controllers. MOSFETs are widely
used in these applications because
of fast switching time and low onstate resistance.
Thomas L. Floyd
+VDD
Q1
Modulated
input
Low-pass
filter
Q2
RL
VDD

Summary
The Analog Switch
MOSFETs are also used as analog switches to connect or disconnect an
analog signal. Analog switches are available in IC form for example
the CD4066 is a quad analog switch that used parallel n- and p-channel
MOSFETs. The configuration shown allows signals to be passed in
either direction.
Advantages of MOSFETs are
that they have relatively low
on-state resistance and they
can be used at high
frequencies, such as found in
video applications.

Thomas L. Floyd
IN/OUT
OUT/IN
Control
Simplified internal construction of

a bidirectional IC analog switch.
Selected Key Terms

Commonsource AFETamplifierconfigurationinwhichthe
sourceisthe(ac)groundedterminal.
A FET amplifier configuration in which the
Commondrain drain is the (ac) grounded terminal.
Thecommondrainamplifier.
Sourcefollower
Anonlinearamplifierinwhichthetransistors
ClassD areoperatedasswitches.
amplifier

Thomas L. Floyd

Selected Key Terms

Pulsewidth Aprocessinwhichasignalisconvertedtoa
modulation seriesofpulseswithwidthsthatvary
proportionallytothesignalamplitude.
Analogswitch A device that switches an analog signal on
and off.
CMOS ComplementaryMOS.

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
1. Compared to a common-emitter amplifier, a commonsource amplifier generally will have

a. higher gain and higher input resistance
b. higher gain and lower input resistance
c. lower gain and higher input resistance
d. lower gain and lower input resistance

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
2. The abbreviation yfs means

a. forward transfer admittance
b. forward on-state resistance
c. reverse transfer susceptance
d. reverse on-state conductance

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
3. The plot shown is a graphical solution for a self-biased

FET amplifier. The red line represents the
a. gate resistor
ID (mA)
b. source resistor
c. drain resistor
d. none of the above
VGS (V)

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
4. The resistance represented by the red line is

a. 150
ID (mA)
b. 240
c. 470
d. 666
VGS (V)

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
g m Rs
5. The gain equation Av
is used to calculate the
1 g m Rs
gain of
a. a CS amplifier
b. a CD amplifier
c. a CG amplifier
d. any of the above

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
6. A FET that can be biased with zero bias is a

a. an n-channel JFET
b. a D-MOSFET
c. an E-MOSFET
d. all of the above

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
7. The cascode amplifier shown

uses
a. A CS and a CD stage
b. Two CS stages
c. Two CD stages
d. none of the above

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
8. The principle circuit used in creating a pulse width

modulator is a
a. peak detector
b. clipper
c. comparator
d. low-pass filter

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
9. The circuit is an amplifier for a pulse width modulated

signal. The load has the demodulated signal. The yellow
box represents a
+V
DD
a. peak detector
b. clipper
c. comparator
d. low-pass filter
Q1
Modulated
input
Q2
RL
VDD
Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
10. When the control signal is active, the output of an

analog switch should look like
a. the input signal
b. a square wave
c. a modulated pulse
d. a dc level

Thomas L. Floyd

Quiz
Answers:

Thomas L. Floyd
1. c
6. b
2. a
7. d
3. b
8. c
4. d
9. d
5. b
10. a


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Electronic Devices

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

The voltage gain is given by the equation Av = gmRd.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

An alternate gain expression for a CS amplifier is Av = yfsRd.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

For a typical 2N5458, what is

From the specification sheet, the

See the following slide

Then read the current and

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Alternatively, you can obtain ID using Equation 9-2: I D I DSS 1

The solution to this quadratic equation is simplified using a calculator

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Av = gmRd = (2.02 mS)(2.7 k) = 5.45

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

How does the addition of the

Av = gmRd = (2.02 mS)(2.13 k) = 4.29

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

The voltage gain is given by the equation Av

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

Simplified internal construction of

Selected Key Terms

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Selected Key Terms

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

1. Compared to a common-emitter amplifier, a commonsource amplifier generally will have

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

2. The abbreviation yfs means

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

3. The plot shown is a graphical solution for a self-biased

d. none of the above

Electronic Devices, 9th edition

2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

4. The resistance represented by the red line is