APA

TITLE PAGE
Running Head: LACK OF SLEEP DURING GRADUATE SCHOOL
shortened version of your paper's title
cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation

Title
About 5-6 enters down

Author
School

FIRST PAGE OF PAPER

Remove running head
Keep abbreviated title capitalized
Page 2
Put whole title next in center
Enter and tab once to begin writing 1st paragraph.

WHEN TO CITE
When others ideas, theories, or research INFLUENCE your work
Each reference cited in your text must be in your reference list
Each item in your reference list must be cited within your text

QUOTING
Directly
- Always use (Author, year, page # or paragraph #)
- < 40 words
- Incorporate quote into text and use quotation marks
- If quote is at the end of the sentence/paragraph close with , cite the sources with ( ) after
and end with punctuation
- Example:
- the pig is great (WHO, 2015, p. 112)

- > or = 40 words
- Put in freestanding paragraph without
- Form a new line and indent

QUOTING
Online Material
Use Author, year, page #
If there is no page #, use paragraph #
Example: (para. 4)

If neither page #/paragraph #, cite heading and # of paragraph following it

Example: (Discussion section, para. 1)
Use short title in of heading

CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT

One Author
(Author last name, date) **only year**
If using at the beginning of a sentence write:
John (2013) found that.
In 2013, Johns study of
Among samples, John (2013) found that

CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT

Multiple Authors
2 Authors
Cite both names every time you use them in text
First citation: Valdes and Connelly (2003)
Subsequent citations: Valdes and Connelly (2003)
Parenthetical formation (1st citation): (Valdes & Connelly, 2003)
Parenthetical formation (subsequent): (Valdes & Connelly, 2003)

CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT

3, 4, or 5 Authors
Cite all authors the 1st time its used, after that use only 1st author, followed by et
al. and the year

1st citation: Valdes, Connelly, and Lunsford (2000)

Subsequent: Valdes et al. (2000)
() first citation in text: (Valdes, Connelly, & Lunsford, 2000)
() subsequent citations: Valdes et al., 2000)

CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT

6 or more Authors
Cite only 1st author, then use et al. and year the 1st time used
**unless there are 2 references that shorten to the same form, then you cite all
names until the two references are different
1st citation: Valdes et al. (2005)
Subsequent: Valdes et al. (2005)
() first citation: (Valdes et al., 2005)
() subsequent citations: (Valdes et al., 2005)

CITING REFERENCE IN TEXT

No identified Author or Anonymous Author
Cite 1st few words of reference list entry and the year
This is usually the title

Use for:
Title of article, chapter, web page
Example: on free care (Study Finds, 2008).

Italicize for:
Title of periodical, book, or brochure
Example: The book College Bound Seniors (2009)

Use (Anonymous, 2000)

CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT

Groups
Corporations, associations,
government agencies, study groups
You need to give enough information
for the reader to be able to locate
the entry in your reference list
If long= abbreviate it the second
time used
If short or abbreviation is not
understandable= write out name
every citation

Abbreviation identifiable:

1st citation: National Institute of Mental

Health (NIMH, 2003)
Subsequent: NIMH (2003)
() 1ST citation: (National Institute of Mental
Health [NIMH], 2003)
() subsequent: (NIMH, 2003)

No abbreviation

1st& Subsequent: : Gannon University (2015)

() 1st & Subsequent: (Gannon
2015)

University,

CITE REFERENCE IN TEXT

2 or More Works by Different Authors Cited
List in alphabetical order
Separate by ;
Example:
(Miller, 2010; Valdes & Connelly, 2000)

CITE REFERENCES IN TEXT

Secondary Sources
Use Sparingly*
If Lunsfords work is cited in Valdess work and you did NOT read Lunsfords
work, list Valdes as the reference if mentioning Lunsfords from Valdes article
Example
(as cited in Valdes, 2005)

Specific Parts of a Source

Indicate page, chapter, figure, table, or equation
Page but not chapter is abbreviated
Example
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p. 10)

CITE REFERENCES IN TEXT

Personal Communication

Letters, memos, email, interviews, telephone

Do not include in reference list
Use EXACT date and initials and last name of communicator
Example:
T. K. Lutes(personal communication, April 18, 2000)
(V. G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 2001)

REFERENCES IN WORD

REFERENCE LIST
Abbreviations

Book or Publication Part

Ed.

Edition

Rev. ed.

Revised edition

2nd ed.

Second edition

Ed. (Eds.)

Editior (Editiors)

Trans.

Translator(s)

n.d.

No date

p. (pp.)

Page (pages)

Vol.

Volume (Vol. 4)

Vols.

Volumes (Vols. 1-4)

No.

Number

Pt.

Part

Tech. Rep.

Technical Report

Suppl.

Supplement

REFERENCE LIST
Order of Reference List
Alphabetizing Names
By Last Name
Letter by Letter
Brown, J.R. is before Browning, A.R.

REFERENCE LIST
Order of several works by
the
1st Author
Onesame
author entries
by same author
Arrange by year of publication
Valdes, K. (2003).
Valdes, K. (2005).

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000)

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001)

One author entries are before multiple author

entries (with the same last name)
Valdes, K. (2001).
Valdes, K., & Walker, A. J. (2000).

Same 1st author and different 2nd or 3rd authors

Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Brown, J. (2000).
Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Smigel, J. (2000)

Same authors in same order, arrange by year of publication

Arrange alphabetically by title if same authors and same publication date

REFERENCE LIST
Order of Several Works by Different 1st authors with the same
last name
By 1st initial
Example
Mathur, A., & Wallston, J. (2015).
Mathur, B. E., & Valdes, K. (2014)

REFERENCE COMPONENTS
Authors
Include last names and initials for up to & including 7 authors
> 8 = 1st six authors names, then use
If hyphenated
Keep hyphen and put period after initial
Example: Lamour, J.-B., 2000) for Jean-Baptiste Lamour

Use commas to separate authors

Spell out full name of group author
Example: National Institute of Mental Health

No Author
Move title to author position, before date (period after title)
Example: Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference. (2006)

REFERENCE COMPONENTS
Editors
When referencing an edited book
Put editors name in author position and (Ed. Or Eds.). after last editors name

Example
Author, A. A. (2000). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx).
Location: Publisher.

REFERENCE COMPONENTS
Publication Date
Magazines, newsletters, newspapers
Year and exact date of publication (separated by comma)
(2008, May)

Papers and Posters presented at meetings

Year and month of meeting

No date
Write (n.d.)

REFERENCE COMPOENTS
Title
Article or Chapter Title
Capitalize
1st word of title
Subtitle
Any proper nouns

Example
Mental and nervous diseases in the Russo-Japanese war: A historical analysis

Periodical title (journals, newsletters, magazines)

Write in full
Use upper and lowercase
Italicize name
Example
Social Science Quarterly

REFERENCE COMPONENTS
Title
Nonperiodical title (books/reports)

Capitalize only 1st word of title and subtitle and any proper nouns
Italicize
Put edition, report #, volume # in () right after title (do not italicize)
Example
Development of entry-level tests to select FBI special agents (Publication No. FR-PRD).

Non-routine information
Include right after title in brackets (capitalize 1st letter)
Examples: [Letter to the editor], [Abstract], or [Lecture Notes]

REFERENCE COMPONENTS
Publication Information

Nonperiodicals (books, reports)

Write city and state

Periodicals (Journals, newsletters,

magazines)
Italicize volume # (after periodical
title) **do not use Vol. before #**
Use journal issue # if able (in right
after volume #) **do not italicize**
Give page #s
Example:
Social Science Quarterly, 84, 508-525.

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

OR city and country

Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa.

Abbreviate states
Use colon after location
Write out associations, corporations, and university
presses
Omit Publishers, Co. and Inc.
Use words Books and Press
When author is also the publisher:
Washington, DC: Author.

EXAMPLE OF PERIODICALS
Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, & Newsletters
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Include doi: xx.xxxx if one is assigned
If none and you found it online:
Write home page URL by writing: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in
the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement
Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 72-82.

ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

EXAMPLE
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The
New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.netimes.com

ABSTRACT AS ORIGINAL SOURCE

Preferable to cite full text of an article
Can be used as sources and included in reference list
Woolf, N. J., Young, S. L., Fanselow, M. S., & Butcher, L. L. (1991). MAP-2
expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of rodent cortex and
hippocampus is altered by Pavlovian conditioning [Abstract]. Society for
Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 480.

BOOKS, REFERENCE BOOKS,

AND BOOK CHAPTERS
For entire book, use the following:
In print:
Author, A. A. (1999). Title of work. Location:
Publisher.

Online:
Author, A. A. (1993). Title of work. Retrieved
from http://www.xxx

Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Doi: xxxxx

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (2000). Title of work.
Location: Publisher.

If author = publisher, use the words Author as the name of publisher

Put editions, volume #s, and page #s in () after title with a period
afterwards

Ex: (Vol. xx, pp. 111-222).

BOOKS
For a chapter in a book
In print:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2015). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C.
Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx) Location: Publisher.

Online:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1993). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. 111-222). Retrieved from http://www.

No page numbers? Use chapter instead