The

Eyeball

The Eyeball

Divisions in the eyeball

The eyeball has 3 walls:
1. Outer wall Fibrous Layer
2. Middle wall Vascular Layer
3. Inner wall Retinal Layer
The eyeball has 2 chambers:
1. Aqueous chamber (further divided in 2 chambers)
i.
Anterior chamber
ii. Posterior chamber
2. Vitreous chamber

Divisions in the eyeball

The eyeball has 3 walls:
1. Outer wall Fibrous Layer
2. Middle wall Vascular Layer
3. Inner wall Retinal Layer

Outer Layer Fibrous layer

Divided into 2 parts:
Sclera: covers posterior 5/6 of the eye ball
o the white of the eye
o provides attachment for the extra-ocular muscles
Cornea: covers anterior 1/6 of the eye ball
o transparent major site of light refraction
o only part of eye that is avascular

Outer Layer Fibrous layer

Middle Layer Vascular layer

Divided into 3 parts:
Choroid posterior 2/3
o a thin, highly vascular, pigmented layer
Ciliary body: extends from anterior border of choroid
o composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes
Iris: project outward from ciliary body
o controls size of pupil

Middle Layer Ciliary Body

The ciliary muscle
smooth muscle fibers arranged longitudinally, circularly, and radially
innervated by parasympathetics (via CN III)
on contraction: decrease the size of the ring formed by the ciliary body
The ciliary processes
longitudinal ridges projecting from the inner surface of the ciliary body
suspensory ligament: zonular fibers attaching lens to ciliary body

Middle Layer Ciliary Body

Middle Layer Fibrous layer - Iris

Smooth muscle fibres within iris are arranged in 2 patterns::
sphincter pupillae muscle
o circular pattern constricts (decreases) pupillary opening
o innervated by parasympathetics
dilator pupillae muscle
o radial pattern dilates (increases) pupillary opening
o innervated by sympathetics

Inner Layer Retina

Divided into 2 parts:
Visual (or optic) part of retina: posteriorly and laterally
o sensitive to light
Non-visual part of retina: anteriorly
o covers ciliary body and iris

Divisions in the eyeball

The eyeball has 2 chambers:
1. Aqueous chamber (further divided in 2 chambers)
i.
Anterior chamber
ii. Posterior chamber
2. Vitreous chamber

Aqueous Chamber
Space between cornea and lens
Divided into anterior chamber and posterior chamber by the iris
Filled with aqueous fluid (nourishes the cornea and lens)

Aqueous Chamber aqueous humor

Aqueous Humor
Is produced by the ciliary processes
flows from posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior
chamber
Is resorbed by the trabecular meshwork (Schlemms Canal)
Increase in intraocular pressure due to build up of aqueous humor
lead to glaucoma

Aqueous Chamber - lens

The lens
separates the anterior 1/5 from the posterior 4/5 of the eyeball
is a transparent, biconvex elastic disc
attached circumferentially to muscles associated with the outer
wall of the eyeball (ciliary muscle)

Aqueous Chamber - glaucoma

Aqueous Chamber - cataract

Which part of the eye is involved?

Vitreous Chamber
Vitreous (or Postremal) chamber
from the lens to the retina
help maintain the shape of the eye
filled with a vitreous humor
o transparent, gelatinous substance
o unlike aqueous humor, cannot be replaced

Muscles
of the
Eye

Muscles 2 types:
Extrinsic Muscles
Six muscles that move the eyeball
o Superior, Inferior, Medial and Lateral Rectus
o Superior and Inferior Oblique Muscles
One muscle that elevates the upper eyelid
o Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Muscles 2 types:
Intrinsic muscles
One muscles that controls the shape of the lens
o ciliary muscle
Two muscles that controls the size of the pupil
o sphincter pupillae, and the dilator pupillae

Extrinsic Muscles Movements

Alignment of muscles with eyeball

NOTE: Muscles are parallel to the alignment of the orbit and

therefore their axis is different from that of the eyeball

Extrinsic Muscles Location

Extrinsic Muscles Location

Muscles Movement

Medial and Lateral Rectus

Medial rectus - adduct

Lateral rectus - abduct
M

Muscles Movement

Superior rectus elevate

and adduct
Inferior rectus depresses
and adducts

Superior and Inferior Rectus

Muscles Movement

Superior and Inferior Oblique

Muscles Movement

Superior rectus depresses

and abduct
Inferior rectus elevates
and abducts

Superior and Inferior Oblique

Muscles Testing

Medial and Lateral Rectus

Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
M

Muscles Testing

Superior and Inferior Rectus

R
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
F

Muscles Testing

Superior and Inferior Oblique

R
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
F

Extrinsic Muscles Innervation

CN III (Oculomotor)
Superior, Inferior and Medial Rectus
Inferior Oblique Muscle
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
CN IV (Trochlear)
Superior Oblique Muscle
CN VI (Abducent)
Lateral Rectus Muscle

Ciliary ganglion
Parasympathetic
From: CN III [EWN]
To: sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle
Sympathetic
From: superior cervical ganglion plexus around ICA
To: dilator pupillae
Sensory
From: CN Va nasociliary
To: sensation of eyeball

Horners Syndrome
A lesion in the sympathetic trunk in the neck that results in
sympathetic dysfunction.
What are its features and why do they occur?
Pupillary constriction (paralysis of dilator pupillae) [miosis]
Partial ptosis (paralysis of superior tarsal muscle)
Absence of sweating (lack of innervation of the sweat glands)
[anhydrosis]

Thank
You!