BASIC CALCULUS

HNU - SHS - STEM

Calculus
Calculus (from Latin calculus, literally "small pebble

used for counting)

is the mathematical study of change, in the same way
that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the
study of operations and their application to solving
equations.
It has two major branches, differential calculus
(concerning rates of change and slopes of curves), and
integral calculus (concerning accumulation of
quantities and the areas under and between curves);
these two branches are related to each other by the
fundamental theorem of calculus.

Real-life application
Among the disciplines that utilize calculus include

physics, engineering, economics, statistics, and

medicine.
It is used to create mathematical models in order to
arrive into an optimal solution. For example, in
physics, calculus is used in a lot of its concepts.
Among the physical concepts that use concepts of
calculus include motion, electricity, heat, light,
harmonics, acoustics, astronomy, and dynamics.
In fact, even advanced physics concepts including
electromagnetism and Einstein's theory of relativity
use calculus.

In the field of chemistry, calculus can be used to

predict functions such as reaction rates and

radioactive decay.
Meanwhile, in biology, it is utilized to formulate
rates such as birth and death rates.
In economics, calculus is used to compute marginal
cost and marginal revenue, enabling economists to
predict maximum profit in a specific setting.
In addition, it is used to check answers for different
mathematical disciplines such as statistics,
analytical geometry, and algebra.

Course content
Basic Calculus

Textbooks:
Basic Calculus: DIWA Senior High School

Series
Author:

Raymond B. Canlapan

Publisher:

DIWA Learning Systems Inc, Copyright 2017

TC 7
Author: Louis Leithold
Publisher:

Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1996

Limits of Functions
At the end of this module, the students will be

able to:
Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of

values and the graph of the

function.
and
Distinguish between
Illustrate the limit laws.
Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of
algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and
radical).

You cannot have calculus without limits!

Limits are needed to define differential

calculus and so every application of

differential equations assumes that the limits
defining the terms in the equations exist.
Limits are needed in integral calculus because
an integral is over some range of variables
and these form the limits in the integrations.

Real-life application of
limits
Given these two facts then every application

of calculus requires limits of one sort or

another.
Finding:
a) the strength of electric, magnetic or

gravitational fields.
b) the areas, forces, weights of objects

Review on Functions

Function
Function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers

(x, y) in which no two distinct ordered pairs

have the same first number.
The set of all admissible values of x is called
the domain of the function and the set of all
resulting values of y is called the range of the
function.
The symbols x and y denote variables. The
value of y is dependent on the choice of x, x
denotes the independent value of y is called
the range of the function.

Function

Function

Piecewise-defined
function
Split into two or more neat sub-rules on

separate subsets of the domain.

Since a function is essentially a set of pairs , it

can be appeared in different forms and they

can be represented in many ways such as
equations, words, table of values and graph.

Vertical line test

Graphs represent
function

Graph that does not represent

function

Limits of functions
x

0.25

3.5

1.75

6.5

0.5

1.5

0.75
0.9

4.5
4.8

0.999

4.98
4.99
8
4.999

0.9999

8
4.99998

0.99

0.99999

1.25
1.1

5.5
5.2

1.001

5.02
5.00
2
5.000

1.0001

2
5.00002

1.01

1.00001

Grap
h

Numerical representation of the limits of

the functions
The behavior of functions can also be

described using the concept of limits.

The limit of a function refers to the intended
value as x approaches a specific value.

Illustration1:
As the values of x come close
to 0.

Limits of functions
x
-0.1
-0.01
-0.001
-0.0001
0

x
0.256410
3
0.25062
7
0.2500
63
0.25000
6
0.25

0.25

0.0001

0.24999

0.001

0.24993
8
0.2493

0.01
0.1

77
0.2439
02

Illustration2:
As the values of x approaches
4.

Limits of functions
x

3.9

0.12658

3.99

0.12516

4.0001

3.999

0.1250
2
0.12500

4.001

3.9999
4

1
0.12
5

4.01
4.1

0.12
5
0.12499
8
0.12498
0.12484
0.1234
6

Definition of Limit of a Function

Let f be a function defined at every number in

some open interval containing c, except

possibly at the number c itself. If the value of f
is arbitrarily close to the number L for all the
values of x sufficiently close to c, then the
limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L. This is
written as

Approaching means an unlimited degree of

closeness that no other value stands between

f(x) and the limit.

Example1:
1. Evaluate
using table of values.
2. Evaluate the indicated limit using the graph:

3. Evaluate

values where

using graph and table of

Limit and Function value

The limit of a function as it approaches x = c

is not necessarily equal to its value at c. Thus,

can assume a value different
from f(c).

Note:

is NOT f(c).

It must be emphasized that

is
different from f(c). The former, if it exists,
gives the value that f(x) approaches as x gets
closer to c. It is not about what f(x) becomes
when x is c. That would be f(c).

Existence of a limit
The limit of a function as
exists if
f(c) is defined; or
F approaches the same value as x moves closer
to c from both directions.

Note:
If there is no single number to which the

values f(x) approach as x gets closer and

closer to c, therefore the required limit does
not exist or;
If f(x) approaches two or more values when
the independent variable approaches c, then
does not exists.

Example2:
1. Let

Determine if

exists (indicate that it

does not exist).

2. Using the graph of the function or table of

values, determine if
exists (or
indicate it does not exist), where

3. Let
Determine if

exists (or indicate

that it does not exist).

4. Evaluate the given limits numerically and
graphically. Determine if exists (or indicate that
it does not exist).
a
.
b
.
c.

5. Determine whether f(x) exist or does not

exist.

What have I learned so far?

Group yourselves
accordingly. Each group
consists of 3 members and
each member must get a
whole sheet of yellow paper.

Solve the following:

Example1:
1. Evaluate

the limit laws used.

2. Find

and indicate

Example2:
Given the

and

Direct Substitution of
Evaluating Limits
For all polynomial functions f, the value of

is equal to f(c).
If f(c) exists, then

Example1:
1. Find
2. Find
3. Evaluate

.
.
.

Factoring Method
When direct substitution of the constant c

gives an indeterminate number of the form

0/0, the limit can be evaluated by first
simplifying the rational function using
factoring, and then directly substituting c.

Example1:
Evaluate the following:

Rationalization Method
The function is converted to its equivalent for

so that the radical expression is rationalized.

Example1:
Evaluate the following:

Example2:
1.

2.

Example3:
3.

3.

Limits and Infinity

At the end of this module that students will be

able to:
Evaluate one sided limits.
Determine the limits of rational functions as

infinity or negative infinity when the limit does

not exist.
Evaluate the limits of functions at infinity.
Determine the asymptotes of the graphs of
rational functions using the limits (if these
asymptotes exist).

ONE SIDED LIMITS

Limits as x approaches c from either the left-

handor the right hand.

Right-hand limit (one-sided limit from the

right)
Left-hand limit (one-sided limit from the left)

Left-hand limit
Let the function f be defined on the open

interval (x,c) such that c > x. if f approaches

the number L as x approaches c within (x,c),
then L is called the left-hand limit of f at c.
This is written as

Right-hand limit
If function f is defined on the open interval

(c,x) such that c < x and it approaches the

number M as x approaches c within (c,x), then
M is called the right-hand limit of f at c. This is
written as

Illustration1:
Consider the function

Evaluate

Illustration2:
Refer to the given graph. Evaluate the

following:

Illustration3:
Consider the following function:

Evaluate

Illustration4:
Consider the following function:

Find the values of A and B so that

exists.

Example1:
Graph the sgn of x (signum function of x).

Find the limit

if it exist. If the limit
does not exist state the reason.

Example2:
Find the

if it exists.

Example3:
Let g be defined by

Find the

if it exists.

Example4:
Let h be defined by

Find each of the following limits if they exist:

Example5:
a. Sketch the graph.
b. Find, if they exist, each of the following

limits.

Example6:
a. Plot the graph of f and from the graph make

a conjecture regarding

b. Confirm analytically the conjecture in part a.