ENGG1100 Introduction to Engineering Design

Introduction to
Engineering Drawing
Professor Yunhui Liu
Dept. of Mechanical and Automation Engineering
Spring, 2014

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong

What is Engineering Drawing?

An engineering drawing is a type of
technical drawing used to fully and clearly define
requirements for engineered items (from
en.wikipedia.org)

a formal and precise way (graphic

language) for communicating
information about the shape and size of
physical objects.
a mean for specifying the precision of
physical objects.

Important as it is a legal document, i.e., if

the drawings are wrong, it is the fault of the
engineers!
MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Why ? Effectiveness of Engineering Drawing

1. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.
You can easily understand that

The word languages are inadequate for describing the

size,
size shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
MAE, CUHK

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Graphic Language
Graphic language in engineering applications uses
lines to represent the surfaces,
surfaces edges and contours
of objects.
The language is known as drawing
drawing or drafting
drafting .
A drawing can be done using freehand,
freehand instruments
or computer methods.

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, SolidWorks etc.

Example

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Elements of Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing is made up of graphics language
and word language.
language
Projections of the object

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly by projected views).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective

Parallel

Oblique

Orthographic

Axonometric
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Multiview
10

PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

11

Line of sight

is an imaginary ray of light between an

observers eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS :
Parallel projection

parallel and converge

Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

12

Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which

the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection

Perspective projection

Plane of projection

Plane of projection

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

13

Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Object views from top
1

5
3

4
Projection plane

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

14

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.

Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown.

Tilt

More than one view is needed

to represent the object.

Multiview drawing
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
Axonometric drawing
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

15

Multiview Projections
Project an object from six principal directions (front, back,
top, bottom, right, left)

(From lecture notes of course MAEG2010)

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong

16

Auxiliary Views
Used to show true dimensions of an inclined plane.

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

17

Isometric Drawing
Represent 3-D objects by a 2D view in the projection in
which the coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened.
It is easy to understand the 3-D shape
However, the projection causes shape and angle distortions

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong

18

Drawing Standards
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

19

Drawing Standards
Standards on

Sizes and Format of Drawings

Lines
Scales
Projection methods
Presentation of view and sections
Lettering
Dimensioning

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong

20

Standard on Placement of Projected Views:

First Angle Projection

ISO standard
Used in Europe, etc
From mytvmoments.com

Directly project images

along the line of sight
-Front view is put at the middle
-Top view is put at the bottom
-Right view is put on the left

Bottom view
Left view
Right view
(En.wikipedia.com)

Back view

Front view
Top view

21

Standard on Placement of Views:

Third Angle Projection
The positions of the viewpoint and location of the projection view are
the same

Right side view is located at right

Left side view is located at left

Mainly used in US

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong

22

Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.

A4
A3

Standard sheet size

A4

210 x 297

A3

297 x 420

A2

420 x 594

A1

594 x 841

A0

841 x 1189

A2

A1

A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

23

Basic Line Types

Types of Lines

Appearance

Name according
to application

Continuous thick line

Visible line

Continuous thin line

Dimension line
Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line

Hidden line

Chain thin line

Center line

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

24

Types of Line

25
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Alphabet of Lines
Visible lines
Hidden lines
Center line
Break line
Dimension & extension lines
Section lines
Cutting plane lines
Phantom lines

From MAE 2010

Line Conventions

Visible Lines solid thick lines that represent visible edges or contours
Hidden Lines short evenly spaced dashes that depict hidden features
Section Lines solid thin lines that indicate cut surfaces
Center Lines alternating long and short dashes
Dimensioning
Dimension Lines - solid thin lines showing dimension extent/direction
Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which dimension
applies
Leaders direct notes, dimensions, symbols, part numbers, etc. to features on
drawing
Cutting-Plane and Viewing-Plane Lines indicate location of cutting planes for sectional
views and the viewing position for removed partial views
Break Lines indicate only portion of object is drawn. May be random squiggled line
or thin dashes joined by zigzags.
Phantom Lines long thin dashes separated by pairs of short dashes indicate alternate
positions of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts and repeated detail
Chain Line Lines or surfaces with special requirements
27
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

Dimensioning
Two types of dimensioning: (1) Size and
location dimensions and (2) Detail
dimensioning

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

28

Units of Dimensions
Angle
Dimensions

Length
English - Inches, unless otherwise
stated
SI millimeter, mm

Angle
degrees, minutes, seconds

From Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood

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