Measurement & Quality Control

(ME-4301)
PROF.MD.KHALED KHALIL

Reference Books
1.Practical Engineering Metrology
K.W.B.Sharp, Pitman Paperbacks, First Metric
Edition.
2.Engineering Metrology-R.K.Jain, Khanna
Publisher.
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Definition of Metrology
oMetrology is the name given to the science
of pure measurement.
oFor engineering purpose, it is restricted to
measurement of length and angle and
quantities which are expressed in linear or
angular terms.
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Care of Equipment
All apparatus should be handled with great care.
Care taken to prevent corrosion of highly finished
surfaces:
1. Apparatus should not be touched by hand if it is
possible to avoid doing so.
2. Handle apparatus by using a piece of chamois
leather or tongs made from strip of Perspex.
3. Wash the hands thoroughly and coat them with a
thin film of petroleum jelly.
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Care of Equipment
Protection from atmospheric corrosion:
Petroleum jelly is very satisfactory for this purpose. It
can be applied:
1. By adding an equal quantity of petrol and heating
gently, it spread easily.
2. By a cloth or directly with fingers. Brushing is not
recommended as it is liable to trap air which, with
moisture it contains may cause rusting.
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Care of Equipment
Before greasing highly finished surface, they should
be wiped with solvent to remove any finger mark,
which would corrode the surface even under the layer
of grease.
To remove the grease, a clean rag soaked in petrol is
used, followed by another dry cloth.
Measuring surface such as slip gauges, should be
given a final cleaning with a chamois leather.
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Use Of Slip gauges

Slip gauges are used for:
oTo get the high accuracy
oFor checking the accuracy
of vernier calliper,
micrometer and such
other measuring
instrument.
oFor measure the angle of
work piece.
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Wringing Of Slip gauges

oWhen two clean and very accurately flat surface are slid together
under pressure they adhere firmly .The process is called wringing of
slip gauges.
oThis effect is caused partly by molecular attraction and party by
atmospheric pressure.
oUse is made of it when several slip gauges are to be used in a
combination, as the stack can then be handled as a unit without the
need for clamping the piece together. There is further advantage of
being certain of the accuracy of the dimension formed.
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Wringing Of Slip gauges

To wring two slip gauges together,
they are first cleaned and placed
together at right angles in the form
of a cross.
They are then rotated through 90
degrees while being pressed
together.
If there is the slightest feeling of
roughness during wringing the
process should be stopped and the
surface examined for scratches.
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Effect of Measuring Temperature

The standard temperature for measurement is 20 0
and gauges are made to be correct size when at this
temperature.
It is not necessary to measure all dimension at
standard temperature if the measuring instrument and
part being measured are of similar material so that
they expand and contract alike.

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Effect of Contact Pressure

Variation of micrometer reading result from variation in
the force applied by the anvils of the instrument on the
work being measured.
Recommended measuring force is 8 oz (1lb=16 oz).
Instruments fitted with indicators designed to maintain
standard pressure.
Ratchet mechanism in micrometer or fudicial indicators in
micrometer bench is used to maintain standard pressure.

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Effect of Contact Pressure

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Error of Alignment :Cosine Errors

If the measuring scale is
inclined to the true line of the
dimension being measured,
there will be what is called a
cosine error.
From figure it is clear that the
length recorded is in excess of
true length by an amount is
called
cosine
error.
Cosine
error
L(1 - cos )

Fig.: Cosine Errors of Measurement

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Error of Alignment: Cosine Errors

Similar effect, however,
occur when using dial
gauge and then it is very
probable that the axis of
the plunger may not be
along the direction of
movement of work unless
care is taken to ensure
accuracy.

MO
T O VEME
N
WO F
RK

Fig.: Cosine Errors of Measurement

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Combined Sine and Cosine Error

If the measurement is made
over a plain diameter mounted
in the centers of a machine, the
error is serious for then the
sine of the angle and diameters
of the anvil are involve. The
diameter D is given by

D M . cos d . sin
M d . if is very small
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Fig. Combined sine and cosine errors

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Combined Sine and Cosine Error

The same error occurs when
measuring an end gauge in
the horizontal comparator if
the gauge is not supported so
that its is parallel to the axis
of the measuring anvil, or if its
ends, though parallel to each
other, are not square with the Fig.Combined Sine and Cosine Error
axis. Then the length will be
L M . cos d . sin M d . if is very small
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Combined Sine and Cosine Error

Error in the length is
(a+b)

2
h
a R1 1 cos R1 1 1 sin R1 1 1
2

R
1
2

h2
R1h 2
very nearly
R1 1 1
2
2
2 R1 R2
2 R1 R2

R2 h 2
Similarly b
2
2 R1 R2

R1 R2 h 2
Therefore (a b)
2
2 R1 R2

h2

2 R1 R2
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Fig.: Alignment of Spherical end

Gauges
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The End

Thank You !

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