RAN-3G

WCMA-RNC-NODE-B

Course Agenda
Day 1

Introduction
WCDMA Overview
WCDMA Functional Overview
WCDMA Codes
HSPA- HSUPA,HSDPA,HSPA+

Course
Objectives

After the end of the course you will be able to:

WCMA basic
Understand the WCMA concepts coding, channelling, handover
Understand HSPA
Understand the WCMA parameters
Know the Huawei Node-B, RNC Product Data
WCDMA RAN functionality and data & call routing
Perform Corrective Maintenance Actions on RNC & Node B
To get a deeper understanding of some complex areas In WCMA RAN
Various alarms clearance in BTS
Transmission interface IP path in MW

RAN & TXN courses

RBSC-212-33,55 and RNC
Basics-2days
RBS 2000 and 6000 Basics operation and
troubleshooting
3 days

M/W Ericsson Huawei-PDH-SDHHybrid -basics operation and

troubleshooting
3days

M/W IP Basics -Ethernet

traffic configuration
2days
GSM and WCDMA Basics
and Air interface2days

Node-B -Basics operation

and troubleshooting
2days

IWAN-TDM,IP Basics operation

and troubleshooting
2days

3GPP system by Release

Release 10 (LTE-Advanced)
Release 8/9 (E-UTRA - LTE)-42mbps ,5.76
Release 7 (HSPA+)-21.1/28mbps ,5.76 ,MIMO,2ant
Release 6 (HSUPA)-5.76mbps
Release 5 (IMS, HSDPA)-14.4mbps ,384kbps ,
64QAM
Release 4 (UMTS Core)
Release 99 (UMTS Access)-2mbps 375kbps
Huawei-RAN-12- up to release 8

Umts rel99 architecture

WCDMA Background and Evolution

3GPP Rel -99
12/99

2001

2000

Japan

3GPP Rel 4
03/01

2002
Europe
(precommercial)

2008

3GPP Rel 6
(HSUPA)
2H/04

3GPP Rel 5
(HSDPA)
03/02

2003

2004

Europe
(commercial)

2005

HSDPA
(commercial)

3GPP Rel 7
HSPA+
06/07

Further
Releases, (LTE)

2006

2007

HSUPA
(commercial)

Parameters of WCDMa

Channel Bandwidth: 5 MHz

Duplex Mode: FDD and TDD
Spread Spectrum Technique: Direct Spread
Chip Rate: 3.84 MHz
Frame Length: 10 ms (38400 chips/sce)
Slot Length: 15 Slots per Frame (2560 chips/slot)
Spreading Modulation: Balanced QPSK (downlink) and Dual-Channel QPSK
(uplink) with complex spreading circuit.
Data Modulation: QPSK (downlink) and BPSK (uplink).
Channel Coding: Convolutional code, Turbo code, and no coding.
Spreading Factors: 4-256 (uplink) and 4-512 (downlink).
Modulation symbol rates vary from 960 k symbols/s to 15 k symbols/s (7.5 k
symbols/s) for FDD uplink (downlink).
Spreading (downlink): OVSF sequences for channel separation. Gold
sequences 2^18-1 for cell and user separation (truncated cycle: 10 ms).
Spreading (uplink): OVSF sequences for channel separation. Gold sequences
2^25-1 for user separation (truncated cycle: 10 ms)

WCDMA vs. GSm

UMTS Network Architecture

Mobile Station

ME

SIM

Base Station
Subsystem

BTS

BSC

Network Subsystem

MSC/
VLR

EIR

Other Networks

GMSC

HLR

PSTN

PLMN

AUC

RNS

ME

USIM

S
D

Node
B

RNC

SGSN

GGSN

Internet

UTRAN

10

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

3GPP WCDMA Reference Network Model

Interfaces
u Interface: this is the electrical interface between the USIM smartcard
and the ME. The interface follows a standard format for smartcards.
Uu Interface: this is the WCDMA radio interface, which is the subject of
the main part of WCDMA technology. This is also the most important
open interface in UMTS.
Iu Interface: this connects UTRAN to the CN.
Iur Interface: the open Iur interface allows soft handover between
RNCs from different manufacturers.
Iub Interface: the Iub connects a Node B and an RNC. UMTS is the first
commercial mobile telephony system where the Controller-Base Station
interface is standardized as a fully open interface

Interfaces

The interfaces between the BSC6900 and each NE in the UMTS network are as follows:
Iub: the interface between the BSC6900 and the NodeB
Iur: the interface between the BSC6900 and the RNC
Iur-g: the interface between the BSC6900 and the BSC
Iu-CS: the interface between the BSC6900 and the mobile switching center (MSC) or
media gateway (MGW)
Iu-PC: the interface between the BSC6900 and the serving mobile location center (SMLC)
Iu-PS: the interface between the BSC6900 and the serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
Iu-BC: the interface between the BSC6900 and the cell broadcast center (CBC)
These interfaces are standard interfaces, through which the equipment from different
vendors can be interconnected.
The interfaces between the BSC6900 and each NE in the GSM network are as follows:
Abis: the interface between the BSC6900 and the BTS
A: the interface between the BSC6900 and the MSC or MGW
Gb: the interface between the BSC6900 and the SGSN
Lb: the interface between the BSC6900 and the SMLC
The A and Gb interfaces are standard interfaces, through which equipment from different
vendors can be interconnected.
The BSC6900 performs functions such as radio resource management (RRM), base station
management, power control, and handover control.

UMTS Network Architecture

UMTS network architecture consists of three domains:

Core Network (CN) : To provide switching,

routing and
transit for user traffic.
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN) : Provides the air interface access
method for User Equipment.
User Equipment (UE) : Terminals work as air
interface counterpart for Node B. The various
identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN,
IMEI, IMEISV.

UTRAN
Wide band CDMA technology is selected for UTRAN air
interface.
Base Station is referred to as Node-B and control
equipment for Node-Bs is called as Radio Network
Controller (RNC).

Functions of Node B are:

Air Interface Tx/Rx
Modulation / Demodulation

Functions of RNC are:

Radio Resource Control

Channel Allocation
Power Control Settings
Handover Control
Ciphering
Segmentation and Reassembly

UMTS Frequency Spectrum

UMTS Band : 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G transmission.
Terrestrial UMTS (UTRAN) : 1900-1980 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz, and 21102170 MHz bands

3.5G
3.5G or HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an
enhanced version and the next intermediate generation of
3G UMTS. It comprises the technologies that improve the
Air Interface and increase the spectral efficiency, to
support data rates of the order of 30 Mbps. 3.5G
introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS
technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the
features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Fast Scheduling
Backward compatibility with 3G
Enhanced Air interface

Open System Interconnection model

(OSI)

WCDMA RAN OSI Model

WCDMA System
Multiplexing of different services on a
single physical connection
Simultaneous support of services with
different QoS requirements:

Real-time, (voice, video telephony)

Streaming (video and audio)
Interactive (web-browsing)
Background (e-mail download)

Wcdma air interface

Agenda

Cell interference and Multiple access Techniques.

Code types and Generation.

Explain the necessity for open loop, inner loop and outer loop
power control.

Describe the different handover scenarios: Soft handover, softer

handover, inter-frequency handover and Inter-Radio Access Technology
handover.

WCDMA RAN OSI Model.

Different Layers and Channels for Uplink and Downlink.

Frame formats and function of Each channel.

Explain details of the WCDMA physical layer

DS-Code Division Multiple

Access
Users share the same frequency and time
Users(channels) are separated out using
unique codes

Codes in WCDMA

Relationship between spreading and

scrambling codes

Channelization codes (also sometimes called orthogonal

codes, shortcodes, Walsh codes, Hadamer codes or
Spreading codes)
Allows multiple data channels to be sent from each
transmitter (cell or UE)
Scrambling Codes (also sometimes called PN codes,
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Codes. Long codes).
Allows multiple WCDMA transmitters to share the same
Radio Frequency

Codes in WCDMA
Scrambling codes (=long codes)
Very long (38400 chips), many codes
available
Does not spread the signal
Used for
Downlink: to separate different cells/sectors
Uplink: to separate different mobiles

The correlation between two codes (two

mobiles/NodeBs) is low

Codes in WCDMA

Multiple Access Technologies > Spreading Factor and Achievable Rate

In WCDMA, information Is spread over approximately 5 MHz. This bandwidth is able to
carry 3.84 million chips per second
Thus, there is a relationship between Spreading Factor and achievable rate. For
example, If we use a Spreading Factor of 2,
we would get a rate of 1.92 Mbps. This is where this theoretical maximum rate for
WCOMA is derived. More practically, we
would be looking at a Spreading Factor of at least 8, with correspondingly lower
speeds. The table here lists all possibilities.

Note: In downlink, we appear to have doubled the spreading factor but this is not actually the case. Downlink is
able to provide two data Streams on the same channel using I/Q modulation

Codes in WCDMA

WCDMA Transmitter> Channelization Code Tree

Orthogonal codes for varying lengths can be generated using a Walsh tree. All channelization codes
must be orthogonal to each other (hence the alternative name of 'orthogonal codes).The code tree
shows CCs of length 1, 2, 4, and 8. For a low SF, we only have a limited number of codes and hence
limited number of channels. Low SF implies a limited number of channels and a higher bitrate.
We therefore have a trade off between the number of channels In the cell and the bitrate that these
channels will receive.

Codes in WCDMA
The receiver bit multiplies all the
incoming data with the Channelization
codes for its channels.
1.Result Zero - Data not intended for
the recipient
2. Result Non-Zero - Data intended for
the recipient
One important property for
orthogonally to function correctly is
synchronization of the transmitted
data, otherwise we receive an
ambiguous result when integrating.

We look at three cases here:

1. Same CCs with same time
offset 100% Correlation
2. Different CCs with same time
offset - 100% Separation
3. Non Zero Time Offset Neither
complete Correlation nor Separation

Codes in WCDMA
WCDMA Transmitter> Pseudo Noise Codes
The need for synchronization is the reason that Channelization Codes cannot be used to
separate users in the uplink.Instead, we use Pseudo Noise (PN) codes to separate the users and
CCs to separate the individual channels for
each user. PN codes identify a transmitter. Putting all the codes together we get both PN codes
and CCs.

Code allocation rules

Scrambling Code planning

Uplink Scrambling Code used to distinguish each UE
Downlink: Scrambling Code used to distinguish each cell

WCDMA (SC + CC)

Code allocation rules

WCDMA Transmitter> Cell Planning
WCDMA system transmits using 1:1 frequency pattern and the transmitter
identification is determined by the PN codes.
The animation shows 7-frequency re-use. This is just an example, since in
practice there are many more PN codes.

Wcma channels

Mapping Relation Between

Channels
WCDMA channels

WCDMA RAN OSI Model

WCDMA Physical Channels

WCDMA Physical Channels

Radio Interface Entities> Physical

Channels
The figure shows how the
Physical Channels are
sub-divided Into four groups:
(3 Channels that are broadcast
to all liEs in the cell
(3 Dedicated connection
channels
G HSDPA channels
G ELJL channels
Each physical channel is spread
to the chip rate by a different
channelization code. The
WCDMA air interface channels
for downlink might differ from
uplink since they carry traffic
(or different purposes.
Explanations of these channels
are provided in the following
screens.

UTRAN Architecture
RNC
Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain
Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g.
the following

Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface

Air interface scheduling
Handover control
Outer loop power control
Admission Control
Initial power and SIR setting
Radio resource reservation
Code allocation
Load Control

UTRAN Architecture
Node B
Main function to convert the data flow
between Uu and Iub interfaces
Some RRM tasks:
Measurements
Innerloop power control

Transmitter

WCDMA Reception Issues > WCDMA Transmitter

The transmitter used in WCDMA systems handles synchronization, control signaling, and
multiple user-data channels.
The figure shows that the transmitter multiplies the data by two separate codes the
channelization (or orthogonal) codes and the Pseudo noise codes.

From Voice to primary rate

AMR-WB

vecoder
WCDMA Transmitter> Vocoder
The Vocoder is a transmitter block that codes voice. The type of voice coding used for WCDMA is a
combination of
ACELP and AMR coding. Sample of the background noise is periodically sent to the receiver, which is used by
the
discontinuous transmission function.

Error Protection

WCDMA Transmitter> Error Protection

Error detection and error protection of the data channels is
performed using Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) coding, forward
Error Correction (FEC), and interleaving. Blocks of data are passed
through a CRC generator where checksum is obtained and added
to the data block. This data is used to detect errors. The next
block in the transmitter is Forward Error Correction. The function
of this block is to help the receiver correct bit errors caused by the
air interface.

receiver
WCDMA Reception Issues > WCDMA Transmitter
The transmitter used in WCDMA systems handles synchronization, control signaling, and multiple userdata channels.
The figure shows that the transmitter multiplies the data by two separate codes - the channelization (or
orthogonal)codes and the Pseudo noise codes.

receiver

WCDMA Transmitter> Orthogonal Codes

In WCDMA, each transmitter is assigned a different Pseudo-Noise code (PN), and each data channel is assigned a
different
channelization code (referred to as an orthogonal code (OC) in the diagram). The spreading function of CC expands
the
bandwidth to 5 MHz. Lets learn about the separation function of these channelization codes. As each CC (or OC)
uniquely
identifies a channel, we can say that it separates out the channels in the downlink, rather than Just the users. These
CCs are also used in the uplink; not to separate users but rather to separate different data channels from each
individual user.

Diversity

Different components of the transmitted signal can be used to

enhance the end quality of the received signal
Components differ from each other by their amplitudes and delays
There exists different types diversity which can be used to
improve the quality, e.g.:
Multipath
Reflections, diffractions, attenuation of the signal energy, etc.

Macro
Different basestations or NodeBs send the same information

Site Selection Diversity Transmission (SSTD)

Maintain a list of available basestations and choose the best one, from which
the transmission is received and tell the others not to transmit

Diversity (2/2)
Time
Same information is transmitted in different
times

Receiver
Transmission is received with multiple
antennas

Transmit
Transmission is sent with multiple antennas

WCDMA Multipath Fading

WCDMA Multipath Fading

As with all radio transmissions, the WCDMA signal on the air interface is subjected to
multiple reflections, diffractions and attenuations caused by natural objects
(buildings, hills etc) resulting in what is known as Multipath Propagation. The bit
energy for a single chip is split between various paths and arrives at different time
intervals. This can cause destructive interference resulting in loss of data. For certain
time delay positions there are usually many paths, virtually equal in length, along
which the signals travel. This type of fading is known as fast or Rayleigh fading.

1. Strong coding (convolutional or Turbo) and

interleaving are used to recover any bit errors at the
receiver. However, this on its own is not enough.
2. The Rake receiver s used to combine the energy of
the most
significant multipath components.
3. Fast (Inner-loop) power control s used to overcome
the fast fading.
4. Rayleigh fading takes place even as the receiver
moves across short distances.
5. It is related to the carrier frequency, the geometry of
multipath
vectors and the vehicle speed.
6. As a rule of thumb there are up to four fades per
second for each kilometer per hour of travel.
7. For example a mobile traveling at 10 km/h
experiences

Rake receiver

WCDMA uses a Rake

Receiver to overcome
multipath fading. A
number of Rake fingers
containing
correlate's are used to
track the different
multipath
reflections from one PN
code.

A process known as
Maximum Ratio
Combining then takes
the outputs from the
fingers and produces a
signal that is the sum of

Power control
WCDMA Power Control
Power control is necessary in any spread spectrum system to ensure that each
user transmits and receives just the right amount of power to maintain the
connection quality while at the same time causing as little interference as
possible to other users. In WCDMA, we always want to minimize power and
interference to other users.

Types of Power Control

in WCDMA:
Open loop power control
Inner loop power control
Outer loop power control

Power control
WCDMA Power Control > Uplink and Downlink Power Control
Uplink Power Control is used to adjust
the transmit power of the UE so that:

1.Signals received at the Radio Base

Station (RBS) from all UEs have equal
Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR).
2.Co-channel interference caused by
simultaneous users is reduced.
Downlink Power Control is used to:
1. Minimize the transmitted power of
the RBS and to compensate for
channel fading in the downlink.

Power control
WCDMA Power Control > Open-Loop Power Control
Aim s to ensure that new connections are set up with
minimal uplink interference and downlink transmit power

Power control
WCDMA Power Control > Inner-Loop Power Control
Ensures that the signal from each UE n the cell has the
same SIR at the base station.

Power control
WCDMA Power Control > Outer-Loop Power Control
Outer-loop power control s used to adjust the target SIR n reaction to changes in the
Block Error Rate (BLER) after decoding. If the BLER increases, then the target SIR is
increased in an attempt to reduce the BLER.
The SRNC constantly monitors the CRCs of the uplink Transport Blocks and estimates
the BLER. If it discovers that thisBLER is not what is required for the RAB, it changes
the SIR target for Inner Loop Power Control. In doing so the uplink
BLER for the service is maintained, regardless of UE environment and mobility.

Wcdma power control

Handover in WCDMA Systems

Handover in WCDMA Systems> Introduction
In WCDMA networks, we can have different types of handovers, which can be grouped into two areas soft handover and
hard handover.
Soft handover:
. Occurs either when a user moves between two cells or two sectors of the same cell (softer handover).
. There is no shift in frequency here, as in WCDMA networks all cells operate on the same carrier
frequency.
Hard handover:
. Involves a shift in frequency and as such a small un-noticable break in transmission during handover.
. It can occur in two different ways; Inter-RAT handover, in which a user is handed over from WCDMA
coverage to
GSM coverage and vice versa, and WCDMA inter-carrier frequency handover, which occurs when an
operator has
purchased a second 5 MHz carrier frequency to increase capacity in the network.

Soft/softer handover

Hard handover-irat

Hard handover

Handover

One finger of the RAKE receiver is constantly scanning neighboring

Common Pilot Channels.
> When a neighboring Common Pilot Channel reaches the t_add
threshold, the new RBS is added to the active set
r When the original RBS reaches the t_drop threshold, originating
RBS is dropped from the active set

Channel switching
WCDMA Channel Switching
Depending on the resource actions there
can be large variations in the required
traffic over time for a particular user,
especially f they are browsing. This makes
it inefficient for them to continuously hold a
dedicated channel.

Channel Switching optimizes the use of the

radio resources, by dynamically changing
the physical resources allocated to the best
effort users according to the amount of
data that needs to be transmitted in uplink
and downlink.
Switching takes place between three
channel types:
1. Dedicated HSPA channels (HSDPA
and EUL)
2. Dedicated R99 channels (64-384kbps)
3. Common channels (RACH or FACH)

WCDMA Channel Switching

From the diagram we

can see the different
types of channel
switching being carried
cut. Switching takes
place for a number of
different reasons
including:
1. Congestion control
2. Inactivity
3. HSPA availability
These will be explored
further on the
following screen.

Congestion control
Congestion control
When the cell capacity approaches its peak, users will be switched down to lower
bit-rates to increase the capacity and eliminate the congestion. Users may be
switched from HSDPA/EUL dedicated channels down to R99 channels, from an
R99 channel down to a lower speed R99 channel, and from a dedicated channel
to a common channel.

Inactivity
Many packet switched users experience bursty data transfer, with high data transfer followed by periods
of Inactivity. In this case, there Is little sense in the user having a dedicated channel. So they are
switched down to a common channel for Inactive periods, The RACH Is the common uplink channel, and
the FACH the common downlink channel,

HSPA Availability
HSDPA and EUL users have to switch down to a R99 dedicated channel when
handover takes place, before up switching back in the new cell. If the new cell
is not HSPA-enabled they remain on the R99dedicated channel

HSPA

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of two mobile

telephony protocols
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
Extend and improve the performance of existing WCDMA protocols.
Use improved modulation schemes and refine the protocols by
which handsets and base stations communicate.
Many HSPA rollouts can be achieved by a software upgrade to
existing 3G networks, giving HSPA a head start over WiMAX, which
requires dedicated network infrastructure.
There is also a further standard, Evolved HSPA (HSPA+)

High Speed Packet Access

There were number of pushing forces to improve the packet data

capabilities of WCDMA even further, e.g.
Growing interest towards rich calls, mobile-TV and music streaming in
the wireless domain
Competitive technologies such as WIMAX

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) evolution introduced first

downlink counterpart of the evolution called High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) in Release 5
Uplink evolution followed later in Release 6 by the name of High
Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
HSPA was originally designed for non-real time traffic with high
transmission rate requirements

High Speed Packet Access

HSPA features/properties include e.g.

Higher order modulation and coding
Higher throughput and peak data rates

In theory up to 5,8 Mbps in the uplink and 14 Mbps in the downlink

without Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO)
Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO)
Roughly speaking equals to additional transmitter and receiver antennas

Fast scheduling in the Node B

Possibility to take advantage of channel conditions with lower latency

Introduction-hspa

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Is a new technology which allows for
downlink peak data transfer rates of up to 14.4 Mbps over the air interface - the
interface between the base station and user equipment. The ar interface itself forms
a bottleneck In the network, with a practical maximum speed of 384 kbps, (compared
to El and STM-1 lines used In ATM
with data transfer speeds of 2 Mbps and 155.55 Mbps).

HSDPA attempts to alleviate this bottleneck by increasing speed at which It s possible

to transfer data on the downlink, so from the base station to the user. It gives a
maximum speed of up to 14.4 Mbps.

hspa

Principles
HSDPA transmissions based on five main principles: Shared channel transmission, Fast
Link adaptation, Radio channel dependent scheduling, Higher order modulation and
Hybrid ARQ with soft combining. HSDPA also benefits from shorter TTI and dynamic
power allocation within the new High Speed downlink Shared Channel (IIS-DSCH).

hspa
Shared Channel Transmission
The High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) Is a new transport channel Introduced n
HSDPA. It Is based on shared channel transmission, and is dynamically shared among all the
HSDPA users in a particular cell, in the time and code domain. The channel has a spreading
factor of 16, with up to 15 of the channelization codes available for sharing between HSDPA
users, and L1 speeds of 480/960kbps for each code used.
The current maximum attainable speed of 14.4 Mbps is dependable on the utilization of all 15
codes by HSDPA users. It is however more probable that fewer codes will be used (handset
restrictions and use of channellsation codes by R99 traffic often mean this i5 necessary).

Dynamic Power Allocation

In R99 channels, fast power control s used to constantly adjust the transmission power over the air Interface. This is
necessary to prevent interference in the uplink, but can lead to wastage of unused power.

In WCDMA Release 5 this leftover power Is dynamically assigned to the High Speed Downlink Shared Channel,
meaning
that no power s wasted So the available power for the HS-DSCH, which Is to be shared among HSDPA users In the cell,
will vary constantly and cannot be guaranteed. In this way the capacity of the channel is dependent on the number of
R99 users n the cell.

Transmission lime Interval

The HS-DSCH has a very short Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of Just
2ms, compared to TTI of up to 80ms in previous releases The R99 is
the time it takes to code and transmit a block over the air interface.
The consequence of this lower figure is that this 2ms figure becomes
our basic unit of time In code allocation, radio dependent scheduling
and fast link adaptation, thU5 making it easier to dynamically allocate
these resources.

Fast Link Adaptation

Maintaining the quality of a radio link, no matter how poor the radio conditions is an
important feature in networks. In R99 channels fast power control increases the
transmission power to a user moving away from the base station and decreases the
power for a user moving towards a base station. By altering the power, we maintain a
constant Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR). We also have a constant bit-rate.

In HSDPA this is reversed, and we compensate for a change in link quality by

adjusting the data rate, while keeping the transmission power constant. So if a user
moves into poor radio conditions their data rate will be reduced, and if they move
into better radio conditions the data rate increased. A reduction in data rate
corresponds to an increase in the spreading factor, and hence the stability of the
channel. In this way we do not need to modify power levels to maintain a stable link.

The Radio Channel Dependent Scheduling

The HS-DSCH is a shared channel, so we need a method to decide which of the users
should be allowed utilize the channel resources at any one time. This is called radio
channel dependent scheduling. The name derives from the fact that it is dependent
on the instantaneous radio and channel conditions .
Radio dependent scheduling tends to favor users in good radio conditions, as they
would have higher data rates, which would lead to a more efficient use of resources.
We use a number of scheduling algorithms, and the decision making process is a
trade-off between cell throughput and fairness to users. The most common are Round
Robin (which favours fairness), Max C/I (which favours throughput), and Proportional
Fair (Which is a mixture of the two).

Higher order modulation

Before data is transmitted over the air interface it can be digitally modulated to increase the number of bits sent per
symbol. In WCDMA Release 99 we use Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). This transmits the signal at four different
phases, to convey four different symbols. In this way we can transmit two bits per symbol: 00, 01, 10 or 11.

HSDPA also uses a higher order modulation technique called 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM). Both the
phase and amplitude of the signal are altered, rather than just the phase as in QPSK. This gives us 16 possible different
symbols which can be transmitted, allowing us to send four bits per symbol - twice as much as QPSK. 16-QAM can only
be used in good radio conditions, as the symbols are so close in phase and amplitude, and we revert to QPSK for poorer
radio conditions.

Hybrid ARQ With Soft Combining

In R99 systems, incorrectly received data blocks are discarded, with a NACK
message sent to the transmitter, asking for a re-transmission. The block is retransmitted, but if it is still incorrectly received, then the re-transmission must be
repeated.
HSDPA uses Hybrid ARQ with soft combining. Here the erroneous block is not
discarded - instead it is retained, and soft combined with the re-transmitted block.
This means that the likelihood of needing further re-transmission of the same
block is low, as the location of any errors in the second block are unlikely to be
exactly the same as those in the first.

Wcdma downlink channels

Wcdma up link channels

HSPA Peak Data Rates

Downlink HSDPA
Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps
Initial capability 1.8 3.6 Mbps
Max
# of codes
Modulation
data rate

Uplink HSUPA
Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps
Initial capability 1.46 Mbps
# of codes

TTI

Max
data rate

5 codes

QPSK

1.8 Mbps

2 x SF4

2 ms
10 ms

1.46 Mbps

5 codes

16-QAM

3.6 Mbps

2 x SF2

10 ms

2.0 Mbps

10 codes

16-QAM

7.2 Mbps

2 x SF2

2 ms

2.9 Mbps

15 codes

16-QAM 10.1 Mbps

2 x SF2 +
2 x SF4

2 ms

5.76 Mbps

15 codes

16-QAM 14.4 Mbps

Hsdpa terminal capability

Catego
ry

No Of
Codes

10

10

HSDPA Terminal Capability

Minimum
Transport Block
Modulation Inter TTI
Size
QPSK &
16QAM
3
7289
QPSK &
16QAM
3
7289
QPSK &
16QAM
2
7289
QPSK &
16QAM
2
7289
QPSK &
16QAM
1
7289
QPSK &
16QAM
1
7289
QPSK &
16QAM
1
14411
QPSK &
16QAM
1
14411
QPSK &

Combining
Type

Max Data
Rate
(Mbps)

Soft

1.2

IR

1.2

Soft

1.8

IR

1.8

Soft

3.6

IR

3.6

Soft

7.2

IR

7.2

Hsdpa terminal capability

HSUPA UE Categories
Categ
ory

No. of
E-DCH
Parallel
Codes

2
3

2
2

4
5

2
2

TTI
Supported

10ms
2ms &10
ms
10ms
2ms &10
ms
10ms
2ms &10
ms

Smallest
SF

Max Data
Rate
10ms TTI

0.72 Mbps

Max Data
Rate
2ms TTI

4
4

1.45 Mbps
1.45 Mbps

1.45
-

2
2

2 Mbps
2 Mbps

2.91
-

2 Mbps

5.76

ce

HUAWEI SYSTEM RAN13

A channel element (CE) is defined as the baseband resources required in the Node B. On the RNC
side, it is referred to as the NodeB credit. On the NodeB side, it is referred to as the Channel
Element (CE).The consumed NodeB resource of one equivalent 12.2 kbit/s AMR voice service,
including 3.4 kbit/s signaling on the Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), is defined as one CE. If
there is only 3.4 kbit/s signaling on the DCCH, one CE is consumed. There are two kinds of CE. One
is uplink CE supporting uplinkservices, and the other is downlink CE supporting downlink services.
Therefore, one 12.2 kbit/s AMR voice service consumes one uplink CE and one downlink CE

ce

CE Consumption and Admission.

CEs consumption is determined by SF.
RNC performs admission based on
the NodeB capability, license CEs and
the service required CEs.
3G Capacity- Channel Element
In 3G system, capacity of Sector is
calculated by number of available
CE(Channel Element) and Power. If
the user is near to BS he will use less
power and will use 1 CE and if far the
2 CEs. Utilization of CE is different
for different Traffic Classes.