CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY OF

HYPERTENSION

Kelompok III

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INTRODUCTION

Chronobiology is the scientific study of effect of time on

living systems and biological rhythms.
Chronopharmacology is the science concerned with the
variations in the pharmacological actions of various drugs
over a period of time of the day.
A biological rhythm is one or more biological events or
functions that reoccur in time in a repeated order and with
a repeated interval between occurrences .
The biological clock is the mechanism found within living
organisms that coordinates the timing of physiological
functions and behaviors to the natural day-night cycle.
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The mammalian Circadian pacemaker resides in the

paired suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN).
When light falls on the eye, afferent nerves arising from
the retina of the eye transmit the light signals directly
through retino hypothalamic tract to the paired
suprachiasmatic nuclei situated in the hypothalamus and
pineal gland.
Biological clock since found is represented by
suprachiasmatic nuclei , which creates biological rhythms
under control of clock genes.
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Circadian rhythm:
Derived from the Latin circa, meaning "around," and dies,
meaning "day. Circadian : around a day.
Rhythm is the measured movement, recurrence of action
or function at regular intervals.
Circadian rhythm is the regular recurrence of certain
phenomena in cycles of approximately 24 hours.
The best-known circadian rhythms include
body
temperature , hormone secretion, metabolism, sleep or
wake cycle .
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The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls circadian

rhythms in response to hormonal variation in
the body

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Types of biological rhythms:

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BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
IN HUMAN

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The hormones that are secreted in the morning include

cortisol, catecholamines, plasma renin, aldosterone, and
angiotensin.
In contrast, gastric acid, growth hormone, prolactin,
melatonin,
follicle-stimulating
hormone,
luteinizing
hormone, and adreno-corticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
peak in the evening or during sleep.
For instance, the increase in catecholamines in the
morning promotes platelet aggregation. This is especially
important since fibrinogen also increases, and the bodys
own endogenous t-PA decreases, promoting a
procoagulant state with increased blood viscosity.
Cholesterol synthesis is more in the evening than in the
morning.
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Circadian Rhythms in Occurrence and

Severity of Disease
Sudden infant death, symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and
rheumatoid arthritis are either most intense overnight or in the
morning upon wakening.
Migraine headache is typically triggered during rapid eyeball
movement (REM) episodes during night time sleep or in the
early morning hours after awakening.
Angina pectoris, ventricular arrhythmia, acute myocardial
infarction, sudden cardiac death, stroke, fatal pulmonary
embolism, and hypertensive crises, all are most frequent in
the morning.
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CIRCARDIAN RHYTM

THE CIRCARDIAN CLOCK IN

MAMALS

CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY
OF HYPERTENSION

BLOOD PRESSURE RHYTHM

MORNING HYPERTENSION

THANK YOU