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Exercising Muscle
Chapter 1 Overview
Anatomy of skeletal muscle
Muscle fibers
Myofibrils
Muscle fiber contraction
Skeletal muscle and exercise
Muscle fiber types
Muscle fiber (motor unit) recruitment
Orderly recruitment of muscle fibers (size principle)
Fiber type and athletic success
Cardiac muscle:
involuntary, heart only
Skeletal muscle:
voluntary, skeleton
Fasciculi
Surrounded by perimysium
Consists of individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
Muscle fiber
Surrounded by endomysium
Consists of myofibrils divided into sarcomeres
Satellite cells
Muscle growth, development
Response to injury, immobilization, training
Figure 1.3
Sarcomeres
Basic contractile element of skeletal muscle
Smallest functional unit of a muscle
End to end for full myofibril length
Sarcomeres
Distinctive striped appearance (striations)
Sarcomeres
Stabilized by titin
Anchored at Z-disk
Equally spaced out by titin
Figure 1.5
Motor Units
-Motor neurons innervate muscle fibers
Motor unit
Single -motor neuron + all fibers it innervates
More operating motor units = more contractile force
Neuromuscular junction
Site of communication between neuron and muscle
Consists of synapse between -motor neuron and
muscle fiber
Figure 1.6
Figure 1.7
Animation 1.7
Muscle Contraction
Animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=CepeYFvqmk4&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Ct8AbZn_A8A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=BMT4PtXRCVA
Contracted state
Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center
(power stroke)
Filaments slide past each other
Sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fiber all shorten
Figure 1.8
Animation 1.8
Figure 1.9
Animation 1.9
Muscle Relaxation
AP ends, electrical stimulation of SR stops
Ca2+ pumped back into SR
Stored until next AP arrives
Requires ATP
Type II
Peak tension in 50 ms (fast twitch)
Type IIa (~25% of fibers in an average muscle)
Type IIx (~25% of fibers in an average muscle)
Figure 1.10
Type I: Black
Type IIa: white
Type IIx: gray
Muscle biopsy
Small (10-100 g) piece of muscle removed
Frozen, sliced, examined under microscope
Gel electrophoresis
Type I versus II fibers have different types of myosin
Separates different types of myosin by size
Figure 1.11
Motor units
Type I motor unit: smaller neuron, <300 fibers
Type II motor unit: larger neuron, >300 fibers
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Figure 1.12c
Type IIa
More force, faster fatigue than type I
Short, high-intensity endurance events (1,600 m run)
Type IIx
Seldom used for everyday activities
Short, explosive sprints (100 m)
Training factors
Endurance versus strength training, detraining
Can induce small (10%) change in fiber type
Decrease of IIx % with increase of IIa fibers
Recruitment order:
type I type Iia type IIx
Orderly Recruitment
and the Size Principle
Recruit minimum number of motor units
needed
Cardiovascular function
Motivation
Training habits
Muscle size
Dynamic contraction
Muscle produces force and changes length
Joint movement produced
Eccentric contraction
Muscle lengthens while producing force
Cross-bridges form but sarcomere lengthens
Example: lowering heavy weight
Generation of Force
Force required is dependent on the activity
being performed
Actual muscle force developed is dependent on:
Generation of Force
Motor unit recruitment
Type II motor units = more force
Type I motor units = less force
Fewer small fibers versus more large fibers
Figure 1.13
Generation of Force
Length-tension relationship
Optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap
Too short or too stretched = little or no force
develops
Speed-force relationship
Concentric: maximal force development decreases
at higher speeds
Eccentric: maximal force development increases at
higher speeds
Figure 1.14
Figure 1.15