Chapter 6: Failure Prediction for Static Loading

The concept of failure is central to the design

process, and it is by thinking in terms of
obviating failure that successful designs are
achieved.
Henry Petroski, Design Paradigms

Image: The Liberty Bell, a classic case of

brittle fracture.

Axial Load on Plate with Hole

Figure 6.1 Rectangular plate with hole subjected to axial load. (a) Plate with
cross-sectional plane. (b) Half of plate with stress distribution.

Text Reference: Figure 6.1, page 221

Stress Concentrations for Plate with Hole

Figure 6.2 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with central hole. (a)
Axial Load. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.2, page 222

Stress Concentrations for Plate with Hole (cont.)

Figure 6.2 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with central hole. (b)
Bending. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.2, page 222

Stress Concentrations for Plate with Fillet

Figure 6.3 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with fillet. (a) Axial
Load. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.3, page 223

Stress Concentrations for Plate with Fillet (cont.)

Figure 6.3 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with fillet. (b) Bending
Load. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.3, page 223

Stress Concentrations for Plate with Groove

Figure 6.4 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with groove. (a) Axial
Load. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.4, page 224

Stress Concentrations for Plate with Groove (cont.)

Figure 6.4 Stress concentration factor for rectangular plate with groove. (b)
Bending. [Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.4, page 224

Stress Concentrations for Bar with Fillet

Figure 6.5 Stress concentration factor for round bar with fillet. (a) Axial load.
[Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.5, page 225

Stress Concentrations for Bar with Fillet (cont.)

Figure 6.5 Stress concentration factor for round bar with fillet. (b) Bending.
[Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.5, page 225

Stress Concentrations for Bar with Fillet (cont.)

Figure 6.5 Stress concentration factor for round bar with fillet. (c) Torsion.
[Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.5, page 225

Stress Concentrations for Bar with Groove

Figure 6.6 Stress concentration factor for round bar with groove. (a) Axial load.
[Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.6, page 226

Stress Concentrations for Bar with Groove (cont.)

Figure 6.6 Stress concentration factor for round bar with groove. (b) Bending.
[Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.6, page 226

Stress Concentrations for Bar with Groove (cont.)

Figure 6.6 Stress concentration factor for round bar with groove. (c) Torsion.
[Adapted from Collins (1981).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.6, page 226

Concentracin de tensiones:
Barra circular con agujero

Figura: Caso de flexin

Concentracin de tensiones:
Barra circular con agujero

Figura: Caso de Torsin.

Stress Contours in Bar

Figure 6.7 Bar with fillet axially loaded showing stress contours through a flat
plate for (a) square corners, (b) rounded corners (c) small groove, and (d) small
holes.

Text Reference: Figure 6.7, page 229

Modes of Crack Displacement

Figure 6.8 Three modes of crack displacement. (a) Mode I, opening; (b) mode II,
sliding; (c) mode III, tearing.

Text Reference: Figure 6.8, page 231

Tenacidad a la fractura

K ci Y nom a ( MPa m )

Yield Stress and Fracture Toughness Data

Material
Metals
Aluminumalloy
2024T351
Aluminumalloy
7075T651
Alloysteel4340
temperedat260C
Alloysteel4340
temperedat425C
Titaniumalloy
Ti6Al4V

YieldS tress , S y
ks i
Mpa

FractureToughness , K ci
ksiin1 /2
Mpam1 /2

47

325

33

36

73

505

26

29

238

1640

45.8

50.0

206

1420

80.0

87.4

130

910

4060

4466

Ceramics
Aluminumoxide
Sodalimeglass
Concrete

2.74.8
0.640.73
0.181.27

3.05.3
0.70.8
0.21.4

Polymers
Polymethylmethacrylate
Polystyrene

0.9
0.731.0

1.0
0.81.1

Table 6.1 Yield stress and fracture toughness data for selected engineering
materials at room temperature [From ASM International (1989)].

Text Reference: Table 6.1, page 232

Criterios de Fallo esttico

-Teora del esfuerzo normal mximo.
-Teora de la deformacin normal mxima.
-Teora de la energa de deformacin total.
-Teora de la energa de distorsin(Von Mises-Hencky).
-Teora del esfuerzo cortante mximo(Tresca).

Text Reference: Figure 6.9, page 236

Criterios de Fallo esttico

-Teora del esfuerzo normal mximo.
-Teora de la deformacin normal mxima.
-Teora de la energa de deformacin total.
-Teora de la energa de distorsin(Von Mises-Hencky).
-Teora del esfuerzo cortante mximo(Tresca).

Text Reference: Figure 6.9, page 236

Three Dimensional Yield Locus

Figure 6.9 Three dimensional yield locus for MSST and DET. [Adapted from Popov
(1968).]
Text Reference: Figure 6.9, page 236

MSST for Biaxial Stress State

Coulomb(1773)
Tresca(1868)

Figure 6.10 Graphical

representation of maximumshear-stress theory (MSST)
for biaxial stress state (z=0)

Teora del cortante mximo

La falla ocurre cuando el esfuerzo cortante
mximo en una pieza excede el esfuerzo cortante
en una probeta a tensin en el punto de fluencia
(la mitad del lmite de fluencia elstico a
tensin).

e 0.50S y ; e

( 1 3 )
2

DET for Biaxial Stress State

Coulomb(1773)
Tresca(1868)

Figure 6.11 Graphical representation of

distortion-energy-theory (DET) for
biaxial stress state (z=0)

Esfuerzo efectivo de Von Mises.

Se define como aquel esfuerzo a
tensin uniaxial que generara la
misma energa de distorsin que
la que se producira por la
combinacin real de los esfuerzos
aplicados.
Cortante puro (torsin pura)

1
1
( x y ) 2 ( x y ) 2 ( x y ) 2 6( xy2 yz2 zx2 ) e
( 1 2 ) 2 ( 1 3 ) 2 ( 2 3 ) 2
2
2

Examen Septiembre 2009

a)

Que carga esttica es capaz de

transmitir la llave de la figura
con un n= 1,7.

b) que sucedera si la carga fluctua

entre un 30-90% de la carga de
diseo.
Datos: AISI 1080(380-615)
Fiabilidad 90% a T= 50C.

Example 6.6

Figure 6.12 Rear wheel suspension used in Example 6.6.

Text Reference: Figure 6.12, page 238

Example 6.7

Figure 6.13 Cantilevered, round bar with

torsion applied to free end (used in Example
6.7). (a) Bar with coordinates and load; (b)
stresses acting on element; (c) Mohrs circle
representation of stresses.
Text Reference: Figure 6.13, page 240

Example 6.8

Figure 6.14 Cantilevered, round bar with

torsion and transfer force applied to free end
(used in Example 6.8). (a) Bar with
coordinates and loads; (b) stresses acting on
top of bar and at wall; (c) Mohrs circle
representation of stresses.
Text Reference: Figure 6.14, page 241

MNST Theory for Biaxial Stress State

Figure 6.15 Graphical representation

of maximum-normal-stress theory
(MNST) for biaxial stress state (z=0)

Text Reference: Figure 6.15, page 243

Internal Friction and Modified Mohr Theory

Figure 6.16 Internal friction

theory and modified Mohr theory
for failure prediction of brittle
materials.

Text Reference: Figure 6.16, page 244

Comparison of Failure Theories to Experiments

Figure 6.17: Comparison of experimental results to failure criterion. (a)

Brittle fracture. (b) ductile yielding.

Inserted Total Hip Replacement

Figure 6.18 Inserted total hip replacement.

Text Reference: Figure 6.18, page 247

Dimensions of Femoral
Implants

Figure 6.19 Dimensions of femoral

implants (in inches).

Text Reference: Figure 6.19, page 248

Sections of Implant Analyzed for Static Failure

Figure 6.20 Section of femoral stem analyzed

for static failure.

Text Reference: Figure 6.20, page 248