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1
R. Michael PE 8/14/2012
Scalar Quantity
Mass
Volume
Length
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Vector
Displacements
Velocities
Accelerations
Moments
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Vectors
Examples:
Mass, Volume
Force, Velocity
Characteristics:
It has a magnitude
It has a magnitude
(positive or negative)
and direction
Addition rule:
Simple arithmetic
Parallelogram law
Special Notation:
None
Vector Notation
Example;
Vector Notation
Components of a Vector
Vector Magnitude
Vector Designation
500 N
Head
Tail
Vector Operations
Vector Addition
VECTOR OPERATIONS
(Section 2.2)
Scalar Multiplication
and Division
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FR
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Vector Addition
Resultant Vector
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Parallelogram Law
By drawing
construction lines
parallel to the vectors,
the resultant vector
goes from the point of
origin to the
intersection of the
construction lines
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Triangle Method
B
A
A+B
Resultant
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Parallelogram Law:
Triangle method
tip to tail):
(always
Example #1
30 N
50 N
45
30
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See solution in notes
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Polygon Method
Polygon method is
similar to the
Successive Triangle
Method but no
intermediate resultants
are calculated
For example,
F = Fx i + Fy j
or
FR = (FRx) i + (FRy) j
Side question: What additional force would you have to apply so the net force
acting on the hook was zero (think, same magnitude but opposite direction for
the resultant force found in step 1).
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EXAMPLE
Given: Three concurrent forces
acting on a tent post.
Find: The magnitude and
angle of the resultant
force.
Plan:
a) Resolve the forces into their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
EXAMPLE (continued)
F1 = {0 i + 300 j } N
F2 = { 450 cos (45) i + 450 sin (45) j } N
= { 318.2 i + 318.2 j } N
F3 = { (3/5) 600 i + (4/5) 600 j } N
= { 360 i + 480 j } N
EXAMPLE
(continued)
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,
FR = { (0 318.2 + 360) i + (300 + 318.2 + 480) j } N
= { 41.80 i + 1098 j } N
Using magnitude and direction:
FR
FR
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. Resolve F along x and y axes and write it in
vector form. F = { ___________ } N
y
A) 80 cos (30) i 80 sin (30) j
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F = 80 N
B) 40 N
D) 60 N
E) 70 N
C) 50 N
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS (continued)
In the case of this radio tower, if you know the forces in the three cables,
how would you determine the resultant force acting at D, the top of the
tower?
Coordinate Angles
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Coordinate Angles
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Fx = Fcos(x)
Fy = Fcos(y)
Fz = Fcos(z)
Note, book uses
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cos(x) = Fx/F
cos(y) = Fy/F
cos(z) = Fz/F
Do Example on board, then HO examples
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Rx=Fx
Ry=Fy
Rz=Fz
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3D Resultant Force
R = (Rx2+Ry2+Rz2)
cos(x) = Rx/R
cos(y) = Ry/R
cos(z) = Rz/R
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See HOs
For example, if
A = AX i + AY j + AZ k
and
B = BX i + BY j + BZ k , then
A + B = (AX + BX) i + (AY + BY) j + (AZ + BZ) k
or
A B = (AX - BX) i + (AY - BY) j + (AZ - BZ) k .
IMPORTANT NOTES
Sometimes 3-D vector information is given as:
a) Magnitude and the coordinate direction angles,
or,
b) Magnitude and projection angles.
You should be able to use both these types of
information to change the representation of the vector
into the Cartesian form, i.e.,
F = {10 i 20 j + 30 k} N .
EXAMPLE
Solution :
First, resolve force F1.
Fx = 0 = 0 lb
Fy = 500 (4/5) = 400 lb
Fz = 500 (3/5) = 300 lb
Now, write F1 in Cartesian vector form
(dont forget the units!).
F1 = {0 i + 400 j + 300 k} lb
Good 3D problem.
Know resultant mag
and direction, F1
mag and direction,
F2 mag. Find F2
direction.
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