Chapter 7:

BJT Transistor Modeling

Topic objectives
At the end of the course you will be able to
Understand about the small signal analysis of circuit
network using re model and hybrid equivalent model
Understand the relationship between those two
available model for small signal analysis

INTRODUCTION:TRANSISTOR MODELING
To begin analyze of small-signal AC response of BJT
amplifier the knowledge of modeling the transistor is
important.
The input signal will determine whether its a small
signal (AC) or large signal (DC) analysis.
The goal when modeling small-signal behavior is to
make of a transistor that work for small-signal enough to
keep things linear (i.e.: not distort too much) [3]
There are two models commonly used in the small signal
analysis:
a) re model
b) hybrid equivalent model

How does the amplification be

done?
Conservation; output power
of a system cannot be large
than its input and the
efficiency cannot be greater
than 1
The input dc plays the
important role for the
amplification to contribute its
level to the ac domain where
the conversion will become
as =Po(ac)/Pi(dc)
Simply speaking
4

Disadvantages
Re model
Fails to account the output impedance level of device
and feedback effect from output to input

Hybrid equivalent model

Limited to specified operating condition in order to
obtain accurate result

VCC

DC supply
0 potential
I/p coupling
capacitor s/c
Large values
Block DC and
pass AC signal

R1

RC

C1
C2

RS

Vi

Vo
R2

RE

C3

VS

Voltage-divider configuration
under AC analysis

R1

+
Vi

VS

Bypass
capacitor s/c
Large values

RC

+
RS

O/p coupling
capacitor s/c
Large values
Block DC and
pass AC signal

Vo
R2

Redraw the voltage-divider

configuration after removing dc
supply and insert s/c for the
capacitors

Modeling of
BJT begin
HERE!

Ii
B
R1

RC

+
RS

+
Vi

VS

Vo
R2

RS

VS

Vi

Zi
R1 R2

Transistor smallsignal ac
equivalent cct

Io

E
Rc
Zo

Vo

Redrawn for small-signal AC analysis

AC bias analysis :
1) Kill all DC sources
2) Coupling and Bypass capacitors are short cct.
The effect of there capacitors is to set a lower cut-off
frequency for the cct.
3) Inspect the cct (replace BJTs with its small signal
model:re or hybrid).
4) Solve for voltage and current transfer function,
i/o and o/p impedances.
8

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS
Input impedance, Zi
Output impedance, Zo
Voltage gain, Av
Current gain, Ai
Input Impedance, Zi(few ohms M)
The input impedance of an amplifier is the value as a
load when connecting a single source to the I/p of
terminal of the amplifier.
9

Two port system

-determining input impedance Zi
Rsense
+

VS
-

Ii

+
Zi

Vi
-

Determining Zi

Two-port
system

Vi
Zi
Ii
Vs Vi
Ii
Rsense

The input impedance of transistor can be approximately

determined using dc biasing because it doesnt simply
change when the magnitude of applied ac signal is
change.

10

Demonstrating the impact of Zi

Rsource
+

VS=10mV

600

Zi

1.2 k

+
Vi
-

Two-port
system

Ideal source, Rsource 0

Full 10mV applied to the system
With source impedance, Rsource 600
ZiVs
1.2k (10m)
Vi

6.6mV
Zi Rsource 1.2k 600

11

Example 6.1: For the system of Fig. Below, determine

the level of input impedance
1k

VS=2mV
-

Rsense

Zi
Vi=1.2mV

Two-port
system

Solution
:
Vs Vi 2m 1.2m 0.8m
Ii

0.8A
Rsense
1k
1k
Vi 1.2m
Zi

1.5k
Ii
0.8
12

Output Impedance, Zo (few ohms 2M)

The output impedance of an amplifier is determined at
the output terminals looking back into the system with
the applied signal set to zero.
Rsense

Rsource
+
Two-port
system

Vs=0V

Vo

Io

Zo

Determining Zo
Iamplifier

V Vo
Io
Rsense

Vo
Zo
Io

IL
IRo

Zo=Ro

RL

For Ro RL
IL IRo

Zo RL Zo become open cct

13

Example 6.2: For the system of Fig. below, determine the

level of output impedance
Rsense
Two-port
system
Vs=0V

20 k

Zo
Vo=680mV
-

V=1 V
-

Solution
:
V Vo 1 680m 320m
Io

16A
Rsense
20k
20k
Zo

Vo 680m

42.5k
Io
16

14

Example 6.3: For the system of Fig. below, determine Zo

if V=600mV, Rsense=10k and Io=10A
Rsense

Rsource
+
Vs=0V

Two-port
system

Solution
:
V Vo
Io
Rsense
Vo V Io Rsense
600m 10 10k
500mV

Vo

Io

Zo

Zo

Vo 500m

50k
Io
10

15

Example 6.4: Using the Zo obtained in example 6.3,

determine IL for the configuration of Fig below if
RL=2.2 k and Iamplifier=6 mA.
Solution
:
Iamplifier

IL
IRo

Zo=Ro

RL

Current divider rule :

Zo(Iamplifier)
IL
Zo RL
50k (6m)

50k 2.2k
5.747 mA

16

Voltage Gain, AV
DC biasing operate the transistor as an amplifier.
Amplifier is a system that having the gain behavior.
The amplifier can amplify current, voltage and power.
Its the ratio of circuits output to circuits input.
The small-signal AC voltage gain can be determined
by:

Vo
Av
Vi

17

By referring the network below the analysis are:

Rsource
+

VS
-

Zi

+
Vi

AvNL

Determining the no load voltage gain

Vo

no load
Vo
AvNL
Vi

RL (open cct)

with source resistance :

Vo
Zi
Avs

AvNL
Vs
Zi Rs

18

Example 6.5: For the BJT amplifier of fig. below,

determine: a)Vi b) Ii c) Zi d) Avs
Solution :

Rs
+

VS=40mV

1.2 k

Zi

Vi

BJT amplifier
AvNL=320

b) Ii

a) AvNL

Vo=7.68V
-

Vi

Vo
Vi

Vo
7.68

24mV
AvNL
320

Vs - Vi 40m 24m

13.33A
Rs
1 .2 k

Rs Rsource
c) Zi

Vi
24m

1 .8 k
Ii 13.33

d) Avs

Zi
1 .8 k
AvNL
(320) 192
Zi Rs
1.8k 1.2k
19

Current Gain, Ai
This characteristic can be determined by:
Io

Ii
+
Vi

+
Zi

BJT
amplifier

RL

Vo
-

Vo
Io
RL

Determining the loaded current gain

Io
Ai
Ii

Vo / RL
VoZi

Vi / Zi
ViRL

Zi
Ai Av
RL
20

re TRANSISTOR MODEL
employs a diode and controlled current source to
duplicate the behavior of a transistor.
BJT amplifiers are referred to as current-controlled
devices.
Common-Base Configuration
Common-base BJT transistor
re model
re equivalent cct.
21

Ic

Ie

re

Common-base BJT transistor - pnp

26mV
IE isthe DC level of
IE(dc)

emittercurrent
Therefore, the input impedance, Zi = re

that less than 50.

Ic

Ie

Ic Ie

For the output impedance, it will be as

follows;

re model for the pnp common-base

configuration

e
Vs=0V

Ie

re

Ic

Ic Ie

b
common-base re equivalent cct

Ie=0A

re

Ic

Ic 0A

b
c

isolation
part,
b Zi=re

Determining Zo for common-base

Zo

22

The common-base
characteristics

23

Ie
+
Vi
-

BJT common-base
transistor amplifier

Zo

re

Zi
b

Io

Ic Ie

RL

+
Vo
-

Defining Av=Vo/Vi for the common-base configuration

Vo IoRL Ic RL IeRL
Vi IeZi Iere
Vo IeRL
Av

Vi
Iere

Voltage gain,
RL
RL
Av

re
re
24

Io Ic
Ie
Ai

Ii
Ie
Ie
Current gain,
Ai 1
25

Example 6.6: For a common-base configuration in figure

below with IE=4mA, =0.98 and AC signal of 2mV is
applied between the base and emitter terminal:
a) Determine the Zi
b) Calculate Av if RL=0.56k
c) Find Zo and Ai
e

Ie

re

Ic

Ic Ie

b
common-base re equivalent cct

26

Solution:
26m 26m
a) Zi re

6.5
IE
4m
RL 0.98(0.56k )
b) Av

84.43
re
6.5
c) Zo
Io
Ai 0.98
Ii

27

Ii Ie
e
re

Ic

Ic Ie

b
common-base re equivalent cct
28

Example 6.7: For a common-base configuration in previous

example with Ie=0.5mA, =0.98 and AC signal of 10mV is
applied, determine:
a) Zi b) Vo if RL=1.2k
c) Av d)Ai e) Ib
Solution :
Vi 10m
a) Zi

20
Ie
0.5m
b) Vo IcRL IeRL
0.98(0.5m)(1.2k)
588mV
c) Av

Vo 588m

58.8
Vi
10m

d) Ai 0.98
e) Ib Ie - Ic
Ie - Ie
0.5m(1 )
0.5m(1 0.98)
10A

29

Common-Emitter Configuration
Common-emitter BJT transistor
re model
re equivalent cct.
Still remain controlled-current source (conducted
between collector and base terminal)
Diode conducted between base and emitter terminal
Input
Base & Emitter terminal

Output
Collector & Emitter terminal

30

c
C

Ic

Ic

Ib

E
common-emitter BJT transistor

Zi

Vi
Ii

Ic Ib

Ib

re model npn common-emitter configuration

(1)
c

Vi Vbe Iere Ibre and

Ic
subtituteinto(1)gives

Zi

Vbe Ibre

Ib
Ib

Zi re
Zi ranges between hundred to 6 ~ 7k

b
+
Vi
e

Ic Ib

Ii=Ib
+
Vbe
-

Ie
re
e

Determining Zi using re equivalent model

31

The output graph

32

Output impedance Zo
b

Ii=Ib

re

Ib

ro

re model for the C-E transistor configuration

Vs=0V

Ii=Ib = 0A

re
e

Ib 0A

Zo

ro
e

Zo ro
if ro is ignored thus the
Zo (open cct, high impedance)
33

Vo IoRL Ic RL IbRL

Current gain,

Vi IiZi Ib re

Io Ic Ib
Ai

Ii Ib
Ib
Ai

Voltage gain,
Vo
IbRL
Av

Vi
Ib re

RL
Av
re

34

Example 6.8: Given =120 and IE(dc)=3.2mA for a commonemitter configuration with ro= , determine:
a) Zi b)Av if a load of 2 k is applied c) Ai with the 2 k load
Solution :
26m 26m
a) re

8.125
IE
3.2m
Zi re 120(8.125) 975

RL
2k
b)Av

246.15
re
8.125
c) Ai

Io
120
Ii
35

Example 6.9: Using the npn common-emitter configuration,

determine the following if =80, IE(dc)=2 mA and ro=40 k
b) Ai if RL =1.2k

a) Zi
b

Ii=Ib

c) Av if RL=1.2k

c
Io
re

Ib

ro

RL

Solution :
26m 26m
a) re

13
IE
2m
Zi re 80(13) 1.04k

re model for the C-E transistor configuration

36

Solution (cont)
Io IL

Ii Ib
ro( Ib)
IL
ro RL
ro( Ib)
ro
40k
r
o RL
Ai

(80)
Ib
ro RL
40k 1.2k
77.67
b)Ai

c)Av

RL ro
re

1.2k 40k
13

89.6

37

Hybrid Equivalent Model

re model is sensitive to the dc level of operation
that result input resistance vary with the dc
operating point
Hybrid model parameter are defined at an
operating point that may or may not reflect the
actual operating point of the amplifier

38

HybridEquivalentModel

Thehybridparameters:hie,hre,hfe,hoearedevelopedandusedtomodelthetransistor.
Theseparameterscanbefoundinaspecificationsheetforatransistor.

39

Determination of parameter
Vi h11Ii h12Vo
h11
h12

Vi
Ii

Vo 0V

Vi
Vo

Vo 0V

IO h21Ii h22Vo
Solving
Vo 0V,
h21
h22

Ii
Io

Vo 0V

Io
Vo

Io 0A

H22 is a conductance!

40

GeneralhParametersforany
TransistorConfiguration

hi=inputresistance
hr=reversetransfervoltageratio(Vi/Vo)
hf=forwardtransfercurrentratio(Io/Ii)
ho=outputconductance

41

Common emitter hybrid

equivalent circuit

42

Common base hybrid equivalent

circuit

43

SimplifiedGeneralhParameterModel
Themodelcanbesimplifiedbasedontheseapproximations:
hr0thereforehrVo=0andho(highresistanceontheoutput)

Simplified

44

CommonEmitterrevs.hParameterModel

hie=re
hfe=
hoe=1/ro
45

CommonEmitterhParameters

hie re
h fe ac

[Formula7.28]

[Formula7.29]

46

CommonBaserevs.hParameterModel

hib=re
hfb=

47

CommonBasehParameters

hib re
h fb 1

[Formula7.30]

[Formula7.31]

48