PROCESSES

&
PROCEDURES
DUE 3012 COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH 2

TRANSFER INFORMATION FROM NON-LINEAR

TO LINEAR

LEARNING OUTCOME

By the end of the lesson,

students should be able to:
Identify the sequence of
processes and procedures
presented in linear or nonlinear forms

PROCESS
A

series of steps or actions

taken to achieve an end
E.g.: The process of recycling

EXAMPLE OF A PROCESS
The process of making wool sweaters

PROCEDURE
A

way of accomplishing a
task
E.g.: Opening up a bank
account, buying insurance
etc.

EXAMPLE OF A PROCEDURE

Umbilical-Cord Stem Cell Banking Procedure

LINEAR
linear process or development
is one in which something
changes or progresses straight
from one stage to another
Has a starting point and an
ending point
Presented in essay form
A

E.G. WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of
contaminants from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for
human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any
adverse health effect. Substances that are removed during the process of
drinking water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria, algae,
viruses, fungi, and minerals such as iron and manganese.
The processes involved in removing the contaminants include physical
processes such as settling and filtration, chemical processes such as
disinfection and coagulation and biological processes such as slow sand
filtration.
Measures taken to ensure water quality not only relate to the treatment of
the water, but to its conveyance and distribution after treatment. It is
therefore common practice to have residual disinfectants in the treated
water in order to kill any bacteriological contamination during distribution.

NON LINEAR
In a non-linear text, its contexts are organized in
a network structure
Readers could start from any node that they care
E.g.: A guide or encyclopedia
Readers are supposed to solve specific problems
Doesn't require someone to read through
Presented in pictures, images or diagrams

E.G. WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

VERB TABLE - FORMING THE ACTIVE AND

PASSIVE VOICE
Base
Form /
Plural
Form /
Infinitive
Form

Singular
Form
(Present
Simple

Past
Simple

Past

Present

Participle Participle

Tense)

*report

reports

reported

reported

reporting

break

breaks

broke

broken

breaking

come

comes

came

come

coming

set

sets

set

set

setting

*Regular
Verbs
Irregular
Verbs
The verbs in the
above table
are all&Common
Verbs.
This means that
they carry a meaning that indicates an action.

ACTIVE SENTENCE FORM

(S)
(V)
(O)
Nauraj Singh breaks the national high jump record.
Singular subject (S) - Nauraj Singh
Singular verb breaks
Object the national high jump record

PASSIVE SENTENCE FORM

Needs any auxiliary verbs that do not carry meaning by
themselves such as is, are, was, were, be, been etc.
And the Past Participle form.

Active Sentence

Nauraj Singh (subject) breaks (verb) the national high jump

record (object).
Passive Sentence

The national high jump record (subject) is (auxiliary is ) broken

(past participle of break) by Nauraj Singh (object) .

Passive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Past participle

A CAR PRODUCTION PROCESS

1. car-order-delivery-agree

6. body-send-paint

7. interior-exterior-fitassembly

2. production-schedulescreate-send-suppliers-preassembly

5. add on-mount

8. quality-check-conduct

3. data carrier-customers
specification-attach-floor
pan

4. floor pan-wheel archesside panels-roof-weld

9. car-release

TRANSFERRING INFORMATION
FROM NON-LINEAR TO LINEAR
FORM

1. car-order-delivery-agree

2. production-schedulescreate-send-suppliers-preassembly

A car (subject) is (auxiliary verb) ordered

(past participle of order) and a delivery
date (subject) is (auxiliary verb) agreed (past
participle of agree) upon.

Production schedules (subject) are

(auxiliary verb) created (past participle of of
create) and sent (past participle of send) to
suppliers and the companys own
pre-assembly stations.

FLOW CHART OF A CAR PRODUCTION PROCESSBUILT TO ORDER

A car _____ (order)
and a delivery date
_______ (agree) upon.

The body shell __________

(send) into the paint shop.

The interior and

exterior parts
________ (fit) in the
final assembly.

Production schedules
______ (create) and
______ (send) to suppliers
and the companys own
pre-assembly stations.

Add-on parts
_______ (mount).

Quality control and a

final check _______
(conduct).

Data carrier containing

the customer's
specifications __________
(attach) to the floor pan in
the body shop.

The floor pan,

wheel arches, side
panels and a roof
______ (weld)
together.

The finished car ________

(release).

ENGLISH VERB TABLE

Infinitive
Base form
Present Tense Form

Past Form

Past Participle

be ( is / am / are)

was / were

been

agree

agreed

agreed

attach

attached

attached

create

created

created

conduct

conducted

conducted

fit

fitted

fitted

mount

mounted

mounted

order

ordered

ordered

release

released

released

10

send

sent

sent

11

weld

welded

welded

TRANSFER NON-LINEAR TO LINEAR FORM USING

PASSIVE FORM
1.

A car is ordered and a delivery date is agreed upon.

2.

Production schedules are created and sent to suppliers and the

companys own pre-assembly stations.

3.

Data carrier containing the customer's specifications is attached to

the floor pan in the body shop.

4.

The floor pan, wheel arches, side panels and a roof are welded
together.

5.

Add-on parts are mounted.

6.

The body shell is sent into the paint shop.

7.

The interior and exterior parts are fitted in the final assembly.

8.

Quality control and final check are conducted.

9.

The finished car is released.

SEQUENCE
CONNECTORS
To show the order of stages
To follow the flow of the description

First, / Firstly,
Next, / Then,
Before
After / After that, / Following that,
Subsequently,
Finally,

COMPLETING A NON-LINEAR TO LINEAR FORM

ESSAY USING SEQUENCE CONNECTORS
Firstly, a car is ordered and a delivery date is agreed
upon. Next, production schedules are created and sent
to suppliers and the companys own pre-assembly
stations. Data carrier containing the customer's
specifications is attached to the floor pan in the body
shop.
Then, the floor pan, wheel arches, side panels and a
roof are welded together. Subsequently, add-on parts
are mounted. Then, the body shell is sent into the
paint shop.
Later, the interior and exterior parts are fitted in the
final assembly. After that, quality control and final check
are conducted. Finally, the finished car is released.

A COMPLETED LINEAR ESSAY FROM NON LINEAR FORM

BUILT TO ORDER CAR

Firstly, a car is ordered and a delivery date

agreed, weekly and daily production schedules
are created and sent to outside suppliers and
the company's own pre-assembly stations. This is
to make sure that all the necessary components
arrive on time.

Then, a small data carrier is attached to the

floor pan in the body shop. This data carrier
contains all the customer's specifications and
communicates wirelessly with control units .

In the body shop, the floor pan, wheel arches, side panels, and roof are welded
together by robots to make the frame of the car. The add-on parts - the doors, boot lid,

and bonnet - are then mounted to make the body-in-white. The finished body shell is
then sent into the paint shop where the data carrier determines the colour. In final
assembly, the interior and exterior parts (for example the front and rear bumpers,
headlights, windscreen, and other windows) are fitted. After that, quality control and
a final check are conducted. Finally, the finished car is released. It is now ready for
delivery to its new owner.

PRACTICE
The process of making chocolate