CHEMISTRY OF WATER

PROPERTIES OF WATER
Unique property of water allows life to exist
on Earth.
Cell= 75% water + 25% other
macromolecules (carbohydrates+ protein+
lipid+ nucleic acid)
Water expands when freezes.
Water is less dense as solid than as liquid,
so it floats on water as ice.
The ice acts as an insulator allowing the
water underneath to remain as liquid.

WATER
HYDROGEN- 1
1 proton, 1
electron-------------lose 1 electron to become
H+ ion
OXYGEN-16 (2, 8, 6)
8 proton, 8
electron-------------need 2 electrons to
become O2- ion

In water, each hydrogen nucleus is

covalently bound to the central
oxygen atom by a pair of electrons
that are shared between them.

WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE

Hydrogen bond is an attraction between a
slightly positive hydrogen atom and a
slightly negative oxygen atom.

charges of polar molecules can interact to form the hydrogen b

PROPERTIES RELATED TO HYDROGEN BONDS

Hydrogen bonds are relatively stronger among the
water molecules and a large amount of energy is
needed to overcome the attraction among the
water molecules
Water freezes into ice in which the hydrogen bonds form a
rigid and stable network. The density of ice is less than
the density of water at the same temperature; thus, the
solid phase of water floats on the liquid.

What happens to hydrogen bond in liquid and

solid state of water?

THREE IMPORTANT PROPERTIES RELATED TO

HYDROGEN BONDS
1. High specific heat: Hydrogen bonds give water high specific
heat, means water must resist changes in temperature. Water must
absorb more heat to increase in temperature.
2. Cohesion: The attraction among molecules of a substance is
called cohesion.
It causes water molecules to stick to each other. Surface tension of
water is also due to this property of hydrogen bond.

3. Adhesion: The attraction among molecules of different substance

is adhesion.
It causes water molecules to stick to other things.

Water surface is curved down

because water has greater
adhesion than cohesion.
Mercury is curved up as it has more
cohesion than adhesion.

NY COMPOUNDS DISSOLVE IN WATER

MOLECULES AND IONS CANNOT TAKE PART IN CHEMICAL PROCESS INSUDE

THE CELL UNLESS THEY DISSOLVE IN WATER.
MANY SUBSTANCE DISSOLVES IN WATER.
A SOLUTION IS FORMED WHEN ONE SUBSTANCE DISSOLES IN ANOTHER. IT
IS A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCE THAT IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT
(HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE)
A SOLVENT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT IS PRESENT IN THE GREATER AMOUNT
AND THAT DISSOLVES ANOTHER SUBSTANCE.
A SOLUTE IS A SUBSTANCE THAT DISSOLVES IN A SOLVENT.
THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT GIVES THE
CONCENTRATION OF THE SOLUTION.

POLAR MOLECULES DISSOLVE IN WATER AS

THEY HAVE CHARGED REGIONS.
NON-POLAR MOLECULES (FAT, OIL) DO NOT
DISSOLVE IN WATER AS THEY DO NOT HAVE
CHARGED REAGIONS.
SO, POLAR AND NONPOLAR MOLECULES
REMAIN SEPARATE

SOME COMPOUNDS FORM ACIDS OR BASES

Some compounds break up into ions when
they dissolve in water.
ACID: An acid is a compound that releases a
proton (H+ ion) when dissolved in water.
So acids increases the concentration of H+
in a solution.
BASE: A base is a compound that removes a
proton (H+ ion) from a solution.
So base decreases the concentration of H+
in a solution
pH SCALE: it is the measure of H+ ion
concentration in a solution.
Normal value is from 0 to 14.

pH of a solution depends upon the

concentration of H+ ions
0-------strongly acidic with high H+ ion
concentration.
14-----strongly basic with low H+ ion
concentration.
7-------is neutral, neither acidic nor basic

BUFFERS: ARE SUBSTANCES THAT

REGUALTE THE pH IN AN ORGANISM.
A buffer is a compound that can bind to a
H+ ion when ion concentration increases
and can release an ion when concentration
of ion decreases. Thus a buffer lock up H+
ions and helps to maintain the internal
balance.
Ex; Blood has a pH of 7.4 and that level has
to be maintained. More than 7.8 or less
than 6.8 are fatal. Buffers in the blood help
prevent any large changes in the blood pH.

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that

are made of only hydrogen and carbon
atoms.
They are found in many places, including
crude oil and natural gas.Most production
of hydrocarbons is from fossil fuels: coal,
oil, and natural gas, which are extracted
from the ground in quantities of millions of
tons per day.
The most notable chemical properties of
hydrocarbons are their flammability . Those
that are gases or liquids will react with
oxygen in the air, producing carbon dioxide

How do cells use

water?
TWO-THIRD
OUTSIDE
CELL
OF
BODY
33.3% MASS

INSIDE CELL
66.6%

IS WATER.
MOST OF
THAT WATER
IS INSIDE THE
CELL
AND REST
SURROUNDS

What are cells made

WATER
up of?
CARBOHYDRATE
PROTEIN
LIPID (FAT)
NUCLEIC ACID
THESE ARE CALLED MACROMOLECULES, THE COMPLEX
MOLECULES USUALLY MADE
OF LONG CHAINS OF SMALLER MOLECULES.

PROTEINS ARE MADE OF MOLECULES

CALLED amino acids.
CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE OF ONE
OR MORE SUGAR MOLECULES or
saccharides.
LIPIDS HAVE LARGE MOLECULES THAT
DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER called as
fatty acid and glycerol.
NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE MADE UP OF LONG
CHAINS OF MOLECULES CALLED
nucleotides.