Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
stress
fm
Cm = fmb kd/2
kd
d
n.a.
s
grout
unit
As
fs/n
Ts = Asfs
As
bd
Reinforced Masonry
Working Stress Design of flexural members
Assumptions
1. plane sections remain plane after bending
(shear deformations are neglected, strain distribution is linear with depth)
2. neglect all masonry in tension
3. stress-strain relation for masonry is linear in compression
4. stress-strain relation for steel is linear
5. perfect bond between reinforcement and grout
(strain in grout is equal to strain in adjacent reinforcement)
6. masonry units and grout have same properties
from Assumption #5, at any particular fiber : si mi
from Assumption s #3 and #4 :
f si f mi
E s Em
Es
f mi nf mi
Em
fm
f n
1 k
s
f s nf m
kd d kd
k
f si
Reinforced Masonry
Working Stress Design of flexural members
from equilibrium, C T :
f m bkd
1k
As f s bd f s bd n f m
2
k
1 k
k / 2 n
k 2 2 nk 2 n 0
k
from equilibrium: M about C m 0
M s As f s jd bd 2 jf s
Reinforced Masonry
Working Stress Design of flexural members
from equilibrium:
M about T
Reinforced Masonry
WSD: Balanced Condition
f m = Fb
kbd
Definition:
C = fmb kd/2
T = As fs
fs/n = Fs /n
For any section and materials, only one unique amount of balanced
reinforcement exists.
Although balanced condition is purely hypothetical case, it is useful because
it alerts the engineer to whether the reinforcement or the masonry stress will
govern the design. Balanced stresses are not a design objective.
Masonry Structures, slide 5
Reinforced Masonry
WSD: Balanced Condition
from geometry:
fm = Fb
kbd
d
Fb
kb d
kb =
fs/n = Fs /n
kb =
Fb +
Fs
n
d
Fb
Fb +
Fs
n
n
n + Fs /Fb
Fb b kb
n
b
F
/
F
s
b
2
F
/
F
s b
E s 29,000 ksi
n =
E s 29,000
=
= 19.3
Em
1500
19.3
1
b
= 0.48%
19
.
3
+
24/0.667
2
x24/0.667
Check design
Ms = AsFsjd > M
fb = M/0.5jkbd2 < Fb
Masonry Structures, slide 8
4. Solve for bd 2 :
bd 2 M / j Fs
bd 2 ( 370 kip in ) /( 0.004 )( 0.892 )24 ksi ) 4321 in3
Masonry Structures, slide 9
4 - 8 CMUs
d=27.8
7.63
As req' d (370 kip - in) / (24 ksi) (0.892) (27.8) 0.62 in 2 use 2 #5' s (0.62 in 2 )
7 . Check design:
s bd 062in 2 763" 278" 000292
k 2 2 nk 2 n0 k0284 j10284 30905
s s Fs j d 062in 2 24ksi 0905 278" 374kip in. 370 kip in. OK
f m 05 j k d 2
370kip in x1000
488 psi 667 psi ok
2
05 0905 0284 763" 278"
Masonry Structures, slide 10
b = 6t or 72 or s*
kd
flange
b
As
neutral
axis
As per width b
If neutral axis is in flange, cracked section is the same as a solid rectangular
section with width b. Therefore, depth to neutral axis from extreme
compression fiber may be calculated using:
k 2 2 nk 2 n 0
As
bd
Vs Vext.
Viy
R
Vd
Asfs
Vm reduces
after cracking:
Vs = (d/s)Avfs
Av Vs Vs
s df s dFs
C + dC
M + dM
na
jd
T + dT
fvbdx
T + dT
fvb dx = dT = dM/jd
fv = (dM/dx)/bjd
V
fv
UBC Sec. 2107.2.17 (Eq. 7-38)
bjd
V
fv
bd MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.1 (Eq. 2-19)
Masonry Structures, slide 14
Fv 1.0
f'm 50 psi
M
1
Vd
for
M
1
Vd
1
M
M
F v ( 4 ) f 'm ( 80 45 ) psi
3
Vd
Vd
F v 1.0 f 'm 35 psi
M
1
Vd
1
M
M
Fv (4
) f'm ( 120 45
)psi
2
Vd
Vd
for
M
1
Vd
M Vh h
Vd Vd d
M Vh / 2 h
Vd
Vd
2d
Masonry Structures, slide 17
Vdesign
Vdesign
d/2
Masonry Structures, slide 18
no
is fv<Fv?
yes
yes
Resize
Section
no
yes
is fv<Fv?
End
Masonry Structures, slide 19
8 CMU wall
Type S - PCL mortar
solidly grouted fm=3000 psi
#4 @ 32
8-0
6-4
Case A:
Case B:
Case C:
Case D:
per MSJC:
flexure
- fa M / S Ft
shear
77.1 psi
) 47.1 kips
1000
120
96 H
0
8139
2
2
Vmax Fv bt ( 109 psi )( 7.63 x 80 ) 44.3 kips
3
3
Masonry Structures, slide 21
8.0'
1.33 1
6.0'
M
1 Fv 1.0 f 'm 35 psi Fv 1.33 x 35 psi 46.6 psi
Vd
for UBC Vmax bjdFv ( 7.63" )( 0.9 )( 72" )( 46.6 psi ) / 1000 23.0 kips governs
for MSJC Vmax bdFv ( 7.63" )( 72" )( 46.6 psi ) / 1000 25.6 kips governs
M
> 1 Fv = 1.5 f'm 75 psi Fv = 1.5 3000 = 82.2 psi > 75 psi
Vd
Fv = 1.33 x 75 psi = 100 psi
UBC f v
V
(14.4 kips x 1000)
MSJC f v
Consideration
UBC
MSJC
NoNo
steel
steel
14.7*
14.7*
vertical steel
vertical steel
no horizontal steel
no horizontal steel
10.2
10.2*
*
24.3
23.0
25.6
27.0
15.2
14.4
14.4
15.2
horizontal
#4#4
@@
88
horizontal
34.0*
34.0*
34.0*
34.0
*
*flexure governs
Masonry Structures, slide 24
dx
C + dC
C
M
jd
dx
T
T + dT
M + dM
where sum of perimeters of all bars in group
dx
U
T
dx
T + dT
jd
Development Length
udb
As fs
db
ld
As fs udb ld
2
d b
fs udb ld
4
fs db
ld
0.002 db fs for u 125 psi UBC Sec. 2107.2.2.3 Eq.7 - 9
4u
ld 0.0015 db Fs for u 167 psi MSJC Sec . 2.1.8.2 Eq . 2 8
bars a
Rule #2: extend bars a distance of ld past the point of maximum stress
Example for shear wall:
bars b
(#1)
d or 12db
(#2)
> ld
Moment Diagram
fa fb
1.0
Fa Fb
fb
A s fs
fa = P/Ae
M
2 jkbd 2
( Eq .7 31 )
kd
jd
Strain
Stress
fm
Cs
P
M
s
Ts=Asfs
Masonry Structures, slide 29
unit width = b
Range a:
large P, small M, e=M/P < t/6
Pa = 0.5(fm1 + fm2)A
Ma= 0.5(fm1 - fm2)S where S = bt2/6
fm2
fm1
em
Cm
Mb
unit width = b
d = t/2
Range b
medium P, medium M, e > t/6, As in compression
fm1
em
Cm
t t
2 3
Pb C m
fm 1
tb
2
M b C m em
Mc
d = t/2
unit width = b
fm1
em
Cm
f s d t
t
0.5
f
for
d
m1
m1
n t
2
Ts
M c C m em Ts ( d
t
)
2
Masonry Structures, slide 32
Range b
Reduce from
1.0 by increment
Reduce from
0.5 by increment
Determine P & M
per Range a
Determine P and M
per Range b
Determine P and M
per Range c
no
fm2 = 0?
yes
no is As in
tension?
yes
M = 0?
yes
no
fs = Fs
fm1 < Fb
yes
no
fs < Fs?
compression controlling
Start
Range a
tension controlling
e=0; M=0
fm1= fm2=Fa
P=Fa A
fs < F s
fm1 = Fb
Stop
Masonry Structures, slide 33
Fb
fm2 = 2Fa - Fb
fm1 = Fa
Fa
Range a
Fb
yu
yf
la
mu
or
fs/n
Fs/n
Fb
Fb
balanced point
fs =
Fs
Fs/n
Moment
tension compression
controls controls
ni t
Axial Force
it b
lim
Range b
Fb
Range c
fm
Tension
Controls
Compression Controls
Range Case
fm1
(psi)
fm2
(psi)
Cm
(kips)
em
(in.)
Ts
P=Cm- Ts
(kips) (kips)
Fs
n 0.5
M=Cm em
(kip-in)
1
2
3
625
833
833
625
417
0
57.2
57.2
38.1
0
1.27
57.2
57.2
38.1
0
24.1
48.4
4
5
833
833
0.75
0.50
28.6
19.1
1.91
2.54
28.6
19.1
54.5
48.5
6
7
8
833
833
833
0.33
0.25
0.167
12.6
9.5
6.4
2.97
3.18
3.39
0.9
2.0
3.9
11.7
7.5
2.5
37.4
30.2
21.5
9
10
11
12
for P = 0:
833 bal.
0.175
6.7
3.37
3.6
3.1
664*
0.150
4.6
3.43
3.6
1.0
check for P = 0:
22.5
15.7
Ms = AsFsjd = (0.15 in2)(24 ksi)(0.909)(3.81) = 12.5
40
625
6 833
2 833
7 833
Axial Force
kips
0.33t
30
417
4
0.9k
3 833
2.0 k
0.25t
8 833
3.9 k > AsFs
20
0.167t
4 833
10
12
10
11
10
10 833
.75t
0.175t
11 664
5 833
20
9
3.6 k = AsFs
30
40
50
0.50t
3.6 k = AsFs
0.15t
Moment, kip-in
Masonry Structures, slide 37
Cm
jd
M
fs/n
stress compatibility:
Ts
f s /n
f
k
f
E
m ; fm =
( s ) where n = s
d - kd kd
1-k n
Em
[1]
C m = 0.5 f m bkd
[2]
Ts = As f s = bdf s
[3]
P = C m - Ts
[4]
[6]
[7]
k2 1
a 0.5
(1 k) n
1 k2
2n 1 k
[5]
P
bdFs
[8]
[9]
[10]
k 2 2 n( )k 2 n( ) 0
[11]
[12]
stresses
strains
mu
As
c
Cm
n.a.
Mn
d
b
Ts = Asfy
s y
fm
k3fm
fm
k3fm
k2c
c
mu
Cm
klc
k2c
Cm = k1k3fmbc
P1
Po in displacement control
P1 in force control
summing moments about centroid:
P1a = (Po + P1)g
= (Po + P1)(c/2 - k2c)
increase P1
so that =
0
k 2 0.5 -
strain
P1 a
Po P1 c
Po + P1 = k3fm k1cb
stress
P0+P1
k1 k 3
k2c
k3fm
Po P1
f 'm bc
k1c
Masonry Structures, slide 41
K1K3
0.6
0.4
K2
0.2
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
fs
fy
df y
c
k 1 k 3 f 'm
summing moments about Cm
M n As f y ( d k 2 c )
df y
)
k1 k 3 f 'm
f y
M n As f y d ( 1 k 2
)
k1 k 3 f 'm
M n As f y ( d k 2
if
k2
0.5 and k 3 0.85 then :
k1
M n As f y d ( 1 0.59
fy
f 'm
stresses
mu
k1c
equilibrium
n.a.
s y
Cm
strain compatibility
mu
c
mu
or c
d
mu y
d
mu y
C m Ts 0
Mn
k1 k 3 f 'm b
Ts= Asfy
if k 3 0.85 mu 0.003 y
fy
Es
mu
d b bdf y
mu y
k1 k 3 f 'm mu
fy
mu y
E s 29 ,000 ,000 psi :
k1 ( 0.85 ) f ' m
0.85 k1 f 'm 87 ,000
0.003
fy
0.003 f y / E s
fy
87 ,000 f y
fm
Grade 40
b
k1 0.85
Grade 60
tb
tb
1000
2000
3000
4000
0.0124
0.0247
0.0371
0.0495
0.0062
0.0124
0.0186
0.0247
0.0071
0.0143
0.0214
0.0285
0.0036
0.0072
0.0107
0.0142
5000
6000
0.0619
0.0742
0.0309
0.0371
0.0356
0.0178
0.0428
0.0214
d2
c
d4
strains
stresses
mu
s1
0.85fm
d1
s2
d3
s3
Asbal
strain compatibility
d
si mu ( i )( mu sy )
d4
s4 y
mu
d
mu y
60 ksi
0 .00207 (Grade 60)
29,000 ksi
if mu 0.003 , then c 0 .592 d
Cs1
Cm=0.85f mb(0.85c)
Cs2
0.85c
Ts3
Ts4 = Asbal fy
equilibrium
f si E s si f y
C si or Tsi Asbal i f si
C m ( C si Tsi ) 0
0.428 f 'm bd Asbal f si 0
solve for Asbal
Masonry Structures, slide 46
0.003
Cm = 0.85f mb(0.85c)
c
s 2
Cs2
60.0
44.0
5-4
Cs1
20.0
4.0
s1
0.85fm
Pn = 0
n.a.
s 3
Ts3
Asbal ?
s y 0.00207
Ts4 = Asbal fy
Masonry Structures, slide 47
c d1
( 0.003 )
c
f si E s si f y
si
layer
di
fsi
4.0
-0.00261 (C)
-60.0
20.0
-0.00131 (C)
-38.0
44.0
0.00072 (T)
20.8
60.0
0.00207 (T)
60.0
Grade 60 reinforcement
special inspection
0.85f m
0.003
4.0
20.0
s1
n.a.
s2
60.0
44.0
5-4
Cm = 0.85f mb(0.85c)
s 3
s y
7.63
Cs1
#8 (typ)
Ts2
Ts3
Ts4 = As fy
= 0.79 in2 x 60 ksi = 47.4 k
i
c
d1 = 4.0
f1
Csl
f si E s si f y
d3 = 44.0
f3 Ts3
C m 8.27 c
Cm
( C T )
-165
-117.6
0.00360
47.4
60.0
29.0
22.9 0.00580
60.0
47.4 -124
-54
0.00245
60.0
47.4 0.00900
60.0
47.4 -91
+7.5
0.00222
60.0
-95
+2.3
20.0
-0.00240 -60
-47.4
15.0
-0.00220 -60
-47.4 0.00100
11.0
-0.00191 -55
-43.7
11.5
-0.00196 -56
-44.8
5-4
( 60 44 )
52.0"
2
M n As f y d ( 1 0.59
fy
f 'm
2 0.79
0.00398
7.63 52
60
)
1.50
86% of answer
#8 (typ)
7.63
Pw P f
Ag
Pw Pf
Ag
where
h'
30
t
U 1.4( D L E )
U 0.75( 1.4 D 1.7 L 1.7 W )
U 0.9 D 1.4 E
U 0.9 D 1.3W
Ref: NCMA TEK 14-11A Strength Design of Tall Concrete Masonry Walls
Masonry Structures, slide 52
eccentric transverse
load
load
Puf
Pufe
t
h/2
Puw
wu
Pufe/2
(Puw + Puf) u
wuh2/8
h/2
Pu Puf Puw
w u h 2 Puf e
Mu
( Puw Puf )u
8
2
( 8 20 )
(8 - 22)
As
a = 0.85c
b
0.85fm
Ts = Asfy
d
c
Cm
Cm =0.85fmb(0.85c)
Ts = Asfy
Pu
Pu
Pu = Cm - Asfy
Cm = Pu + Asfy= Asefy
Ase
( Pu As f y )
fy
Eq. (8-24)
flexural strength
( Pu As f y )
a
M n Ase f y ( d ) Eq. (8 - 23) where a
Eq. (8 - 25)
2
0.85 f 'm b
Masonry Structures, slide 55
5 wh 4 5 wh 2 h 2
5 Mh 2
384 EI 48 8 EI 48 EI
M
My
Ms
Mcr
5 M s h2
s
48 E m I g
5 M cr h 2
5 ( M s M cr )h 2
s
48 E m I g
48
E m I cr
(8-28)
(8-29)
b( kd )3
where I cr nAse ( d kd )
3
2
cr
Mcr = fr S
Modulus of Rupture, fr
fully grouted
partially grouted
hollow unit
2-wythe brick
not allowed
( 8 27 )
Strength Criteria
wu h 2 Puf e
Mu
( Puw Puf )u
8
2
5 M cr h 2 5 ( M u M cr )h 2
u
48 E m I g 48
E m I cr
3.5
7 .63"
7 .31"
2
12"
in 2
As 0 .20 in (
) 0 .075
32"
ft
#4 @ 32
20-0
As
0 .075
1
1
( Puw Puf )u
8
2
Pu Puf Puw
M n Ase f y ( d
a
)
2
Pu 1654 lbs .
( Pu As f y ) ( 1.65 kips 0.075 x 60 ksi )
0.103 in 2
fy
60 ksi
( Pu As f y )
0.103 ( 60 )
a
0.302"
0.85 f 'm b
( 0.85 x 2.0 ksi x 12" )
Ase
0.302"
0.355" 1.2" neutral axis within face shell, treat as rectangular section
0.85
E s 29 ,000
19.3
Em
1500
bc 3
12( 0.355" )3
2
2
I cr nAse ( d c )
19.3 0.103 in ( 3.81 0.355 )
23.9 in 4
3
3
2
2
2
5 M cr h
5 ( M u M cr )h
48 Em I g 48
Em I cr
M cr f r S g
12" x7.63 2
M cr 0.112 ksi (
) 13.1 k in .
6
to avoid iteration, assume Mmax = Mu
5 ( 13.1 )( 20 x 12 )2
5 ( 18.1 13.1 )( 20 x 12 )2
u
( 1.654 )(
) 18.1 k in . / 12"
8
12
12
ws
wu=22.7 psf
wu
17.8 psf
0.75 x 1.7
48 E m I g
48
E m I cr
w s h2
Ms
Po e / 2 ( Pw Po ) s
8
( 17.8 psf )( 20 )2
700 ( 7.31" )
x
12
8
2
( lb . in .)
1.25
Ms
wsh
P e
os ( Pws Pos )s
8
2
w s ( 20' )2
#4 @ 32
n 19.3
0.075 in 2
0.00164
12" 3.82"
k 2 0.0104 k 0.0104 0
I cr
P
1.532 k
0.00104
bdFs 12" 3 .82" 32 ksi
k 0.275
kd 1.05" face shell thickness, ok
k
j 1 0.908 jd 3.47"
3
b( kd )3
12" ( 1.05" )3
nAs ( d kd )2
19.3( 0.075 in 2 )( 3.82" 1.05" )2 15.7 in 4
3
3
( w s is in psf)
5 M cr h 2 5 ( M s M cr )h 2
s
48 E m I g 48
E m I cr
5 ( 0.600 w s 2.56 kip - in . 1.532 s 13.1 )( 20 12 )2
s 0.118"
48
( 1500 ksi)(15.7 in 4 )
w s 17.8 psf
U = 1.4 (D+L+E)
U = 0.9D + - 1.4E
U = 1.4D + 1.7E
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7 L + 1.7W)
U = 0.9D + - 1.3W
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
(12-1)
(12-2)
(12-3)
(12-4)
(12-5)
(12-6)
0.85fm
Cs1
ab 0.85 c
Cm = 0.85fmbab
Cs2
Lw
n.a.
s y 0.00207
Pb
Ts3
Ts4 = Asbalfy
assume C si Tsi so Pb C m
for solidly grouted walls : Pb 0.85 f 'm bab
where ab 0.85
e mu
( e mu
fy
Es
d
)
3. Design assumptions (same as for Slender Wall Design Procedure, UBC Sec. 2108.2.1.2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
equilibrium
strain compatibility
mu= 0.003
f s = E s s < fy
neglect masonry tensile strength
use rectangular stress block, k1 = 0.85, k3 = 0.85
1500 psi < fm < 4000 psi
v and h 0.0007
spacing 4' 0"
Mn > Mcr
ductile
M
Mcr
Mn < Mcr
nonductile
Pu < = (0.80)Po
Masonry Structures, slide 67
M
0.25
Vd
M
f 'm 250 Ae for
1.0
Vd
(Table 21 - J )
C d 2.4 for
f 'm
(8 - 37)
M
0.25
Vd
M
1.2 for
1.0
Vd
(Table 21 - K)
Amv
Lw
Vu
Amv = net area of masonry
wall section bounded by
wall thickness and length of
section in direction of shear
(8 38)
Avertical plane
As horizontal
Avertical plane
As horizontal
ht
) fy
As horizontal
L
) f y w ( As horizontal ) f y
h
Lw
Lw
A s fy
Lw
A s fy
As fy
Vn Vs Am n f y
(8 39)
Vn Vm Vs
wall
centroid
> 3t
mu > 0.0015
0.0015
10-8
7.63
4 - #8s
M
64 2
M cr ( 0.155 ksi)(7.63
) 807 kip - in n ok
6
1.8
Mu
H
if flexure limit state exists : H u
34.7 kips H u 26.7 kips
128"
1. 3
U = 1.3W
As horiz 1.45 in 2 smax 24" use #4' s @ 8" for bottom 8 courses
As horiz
provided
f'm Am n f y
Lw
)(As horiz )f y 22.7 kips (0.5)(As horiz )(60 ksi)
h
provided
smax 48"
7.63
5-4
3t > 5.7
#8
#3 @ 8
bottom 8 courses
11.5
0.003
0.0015
5.75
mu
mu
fy
d 0.85
0.003
60" 30.2"
0.003 0.00207
Es
0 .25 Pb 73 .5 kips
0.65
Case 1:
Case 2:
36.0
)0.20 0.75
73.5
d1 = 4.0
Cs
(ksi)
(kips)
f si E s si f y
d2 = 20.0
f
Ts
(ksi)
d3 = 44.0
f
Cs
(ksi)
Cm
(kips) (kips)
Pn
Mn
(kips)
(kip-in)
0.00360 60.0
47.4 -165
-118
47.4 -124
-54
6,126
42.5 -139
-83
6,463
47.4 -108
-37
5,794
M cl C m (32.0" -
(kips)
C m 8.27 c
6,983
0.85c
) C sl (28.0" ) - Ts2 ( 12.0" ) Ts3 ( 12.0" ) Ts4 ( 28.0" )
2
Masonry Structures, slide 76
120
100
80
60
40
6450 kip-in.
Case 1:
140
5820 kip-in.
80.3 kips
Case 1
Hu
H
5500
6000
Hu
25.7 kips
( 0.75 x 1.7)
governs
Case 2
36.0 kips
20
6500
Moment, Mn kip-in.
7000
4,365
34.1 kips
(10.67 x 12)
Hu
26.2 kips
1.3