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Copyright P. Kundur
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1539pk
Synchronous Machines
Outline
1.
Physical Description
2.
Mathematical Model
3.
4.
Steady-state Analysis
5.
6.
magnetic saturation
7.
Simplified Models
8.
9.
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Physical Description of a
Synchronous Machine
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ia Im cos s t
ib Im cos s t
ia lm cos s t
3
KIm cos s t
2
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Transient Operation
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Mathematical Descriptions of a
Synchronous Machine
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d
dt
e1
d
ri
dt
Li
N2P
i
where
P = permeance of magnetic path
= flux = (mmf) P = NiP
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d1
r1i1
dt
e2
d2
r2i2
dt
1 L11i1 L 21i2
2 L 21i1 L 22i2
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L ab 0 L ab 2 cos 2
3
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ea
da
R aia pa R aia
dt
fd L ffdifd L fkdikd
2
2
kd L fkdifd Lkkdikd
2
2
kq Lkkdikq
2
2
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cos
id
2
i sin
q
3
i
0
1
cos
sin
1
2
cos
sin
1
2
ia
ib
i
c
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t is time in radians
p = d/dt
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Air-gap torque
T e diq qid
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eb Em cos t 2 3
e c Em cos t 2 3
with
= angular velocity = 2f
= phase angle of ea at t=0
Applying the d,q transformation,
e d Em cos t
e q Em sin t
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~
E t ed je q in the d-q coordinates
E R jE l
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Similarly
e q d iqR a
X did X adifd iqR a
~
and E t e d jeq jL adifd
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eL
solving
i Ke
L t
di
iR
dt
Em
sin t
Z
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Elimination of dc Component by
Neglecting Stator Transients
e d p d q idR a
e q p q d iqR a
transformer voltage terms: pd, pq
speed voltage terms: q , d
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The combined inertia of the generator and primemover is accelerated by the accelerating torque:
dm
Ta Tm Te
dt
where
Tm =
Te =
m =
time in seconds
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1 J20m
H
2 VA base
where
0m = rated angular velocity of the rotor in
mechanical radians per second
2H
where
d r
Tm Te
dt
m
= per unit rotor angular velocity
0m
Tm
Tm0m
= per unit mechanical torque
VA base
Te
Te 0m
= per unit electromechanical torque
VA base
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Magnetic Saturation
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L ad K sdL adu
L aq K sqL aqu
(3.182)
(3.183)
I at 0 at
(3.186)
at
at I
(3.187)
K sd
I A sat eBsat at TI
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(3.189)
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q-axis saturates appreciably more than the daxis, due to the presence of rotor teeth in the
magnetic path
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Example 3.3
Pt
Qt
Ea (pu)
Ksd
i (deg)
ifd (pu)
1.0
0.889
0.678
0.4
0.2
1.033
0.868
25.3
1.016
0.9
0.436
1.076
0.835
39.1
1.565
0.9
1.012
0.882
54.6
1.206
0.9
-0.2
0.982
0.899
64.6
1.089
Qt
Ksq
Ksd
i (deg)
ifd (pu)
0.667
0.889
0.678
0.4
0.2
0.648
0.868
21.0
1.013
0.9
0.436
0.623
0.835
34.6
1.559
0.9
0.660
0.882
47.5
1.194
0.9
-0.2
0.676
0.899
55.9
1.074
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Neglect of Amortisseurs
Et
xd
Steady-state Model
Eq
xs
Et
Eq = Xadifd
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Therefore
X ad
E tifd sin i
Xs
X
E2
Q E tlt sin ad E tifd cos i t
Xs
Xs
P E tlt cos
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