B-Stad CH 05

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
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BJT AC Analysis
Chapter 5
Ch.5 Summary
BJT Transistor Modeling

A model is an equivalent circuit that represents
the AC characteristics of the transistor.
A model uses circuit elements that approximate
the behavior of the transistor.
There are two models commonly used in small
signal AC analysis of a transistor:
re model
Hybrid equivalent model
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Ch.5 Summary
The re Transistor Model

BJTs are basically current-controlled devices; therefore
the re model uses a diode and a current source to
duplicate the behavior of the transistor.
One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity to the
DC level. This model is designed for specific circuit
conditions.

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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Base Configuration
Input impedance:
re
26 mV
Ie
Zi re
Output impedance:
Z o
Voltage gain:
AV
RL RL
re
re
Current gain:
Ai 1
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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Configuration
The diode re model
can be replaced by
the resistor re.
Ie 1 I b I b
re
26 mV
Ie

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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i re
Output impedance:
Zo ro
Voltage gain:
AV
RL
re
Current gain:
Ai ro
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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Collector Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i ( 1)re
Output impedance:
Zo re || RE
Voltage gain:
AV
RE
RE re
Current gain:
Ai 1
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Ch.5 Summary
The Hybrid Equivalent Model

Hybrid parameters are developed and used for modeling the
transistor. These parameters can be found on a transistors
specification sheet:
hi = input resistance
hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo) 0
hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
ho = output conductance

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Ch.5 Summary
Simplified General h-Parameter Model
hi = input resistance
hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
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Ch.5 Summary
re vs. h-Parameter Model

Common-Emitter
hie re
hfe ac
Common-Base
hib re
hfb 1
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Ch.5 Summary
The Hybrid Model

The hybrid pi model is most useful for analysis
of high-frequency transistor applications.
At lower frequencies the hybrid pi model closely
approximate the re parameters, and can be
replaced by them.

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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias
Configuration
The input is applied to the base
The output is taken from the
collector
High input impedance
Low output impedance
High voltage and current gain
Phase shift between input and
output is 180
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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter
Fixed-Bias
Configuration
AC equivalent
re,model
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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter
Fixed-Bias
Calculations
Input
Output
Zi RB||| e
Zi re
Zo RC||rO
Zo RC
Av
Voltage gain:
Av
RC
re
Current gain:
ro 10 RC
Vo
(R ||r )
C o
Vi
re

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RE 10 re
Current gain
Ai
Io
RB ro
I i (ro RC )(RB re )
Ai
ro 10 RC , RB 10 re
Ai AV
Zi
RC
ro 10 RC

Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias

re model requires you to
determine , re, and ro.

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Ch.5 Summary
Current gain
Common-Emitter
Voltage-Divider Bias
Calculations
Input impedance
Io
R ro
I i (ro RC )(R re )
I
R
Ai o
r 10R
I i R re o C
Ai
Output impedance
R R1 || R2
Zi R || re
Zo RC || ro
Zo RC
ro 10RC
Ai
Io
ro 10RC , R10 re
Ii
Current gain from Av

Ai Av
Zi
RC
Voltage gain
Av
Vo RC || ro
Vi
re
Av
Vo
R
C
Vi
re
ro 10RC

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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Emitter-Bias
Configuration

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Ch.5 Summary
Impedance Calculations
Input impedance:
Zi RB || Zb
Zb re ( 1)RE
Zb (re RE )
Zb RE
Output impedance:
Zo RC
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Ch.5 Summary
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Av
Vo
R
C
Vi
Zb
Av
Vo
RC
Vi
re RE
Av
Vo
R
C
Vi
RE
Z b (re RE )
Z b RE
Current gain:
Ai
Io
RB
I i RB Z b

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Current gain from Av:

Ai Av
Zi
RC

Ch.5 Summary
Emitter-Follower Configuration
This is also known as the common-collector configuration.

The input is applied to the base and the output is taken from the emitter.
There is no phase shift between input and output.
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Ch.5 Summary
Impedance
Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i RB ||Z b
Z b re ( 1)RE
Z b (re RE )
Z b RE
Output impedance:

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Zo RE||re
Zo re
RE re

Ch.5 Summary
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Av
Vo
RE
Vi RE re
Av
Vo
1
Vi
RE re , RE re RE
Current gain:
Ai
RB
RB Z b
Current gain from voltage gain:

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Ai Av
Zi
RE

Ch.5 Summary
The input is applied to the emitter
The output is taken from the
collector
Low input impedance.
High output impedance
Current gain less than unity
Very high voltage gain
No phase shift between input
and output
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Ch.5 Summary
Calculations
Input impedance:
Zi RE || re
Output impedance:
Zo RC
Voltage gain:
Av
Vo RC RC
Vi
re
re
Current gain:
Ai
Io
1
Ii

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Ch.5 Summary
Common-Emitter Collector Feedback

Configuration
A variation of the common-emitter fixed-bias configuration

Input is applied to the base
Output is taken from the collector
There is a 180 phase shift between the input and output

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Ch.5 Summary
Calculations
Input impedance:
Output impedance:
Voltage gain:
Av
Zi
re
1 RC
RF
Zo RC || RF
Vo
R
C
Vi
re
Current gain:
Ai
Io
RF
Ii
RF RC
Ai
Io
R
F
Ii
RC

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Ch.5 Summary
Collector DC Feedback
Configuration
This is a variation of the commonemitter, fixed-bias configuration
The input is applied to the
base
The output is taken from
the collector
There is a 180 phase shift
between input and output
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Ch.5 Summary
Calculations
Input impedance:
Zi
re
1 RC
RF
Output impedance:
Zo RC||RF
Voltage gain:
Av
Vo
R
C
Vi
re

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Current gain:
Ai
Io
RF
Ii
RF RC
Ai
Io
R
F
Ii
RC

Ch.5 Summary
Two-Port Systems Approach

With Vi set to 0 V:
ZTh Zo Ro
The voltage across

the open terminals is:
ETh AvNLVi
where AvNL is the noload voltage gain

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Ch.5 Summary
Effect of Load Impedance on Gain

This model can be applied
to any current- or voltagecontrolled amplifier.
Adding a load reduces the
gain of the amplifier:
V
RL
Av o
AvNL
Vi RL Ro

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Zi
Ai Av
RL

Ch.5 Summary
Effect of Source Impedance on Gain

The amplitude of the
applied signal that
reaches the input of
the amplifier is:
Vi
RiVs
Ri Rs
The internal resistance of the signal source reduces the overall

gain:
Avs

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Vo
Ri
AvNL
Vs Ri Rs

Ch.5 Summary
Combined Effects of RS and RL on

Voltage Gain
Effects of RL:
Av
Vo RL AvNL
Vi RL Ro
Ai Av
Ri
RL
Avs
Effects of RL and RS:

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Vo
Ri
RL
AvNL
Vs Ri Rs RL Ro
Ais Avs
Rs Ri
RL

Ch.5 Summary
Cascaded Systems
The output of one amplifier is the input to the next
amplifier
The overall voltage gain is determined by the product of
gains of the individual stages
The DC bias circuits are isolated from each other by the
coupling capacitors
The DC calculations are independent of the cascading
The AC calculations for gain and impedance are
interdependent
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Ch.5 Summary
R-C Coupled BJT Amplifiers

Voltage gain:
Av 1
RC || R1 || R2 || Re
re
Av 2
RC
re
Av Av 1Av 2
Input impedance,
first stage:
Zi R1 || R2 || Re
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Output impedance,
second stage:
Zo RC

Ch.5 Summary
Cascode Connection
This example is a CECB
combination. This arrangement
provides high input impedance
but a low voltage gain.
The low voltage gain of the
input stage reduces the Miller
input capacitance, making this
combination suitable for highfrequency applications.

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Ch.5 Summary
Darlington Connection
The Darlington circuit provides
very high current gain, equal to the
product of the individual current
gains:
D = 1 2
The practical significance is that

the circuit provides a very high
input impedance.
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Ch.5 Summary
DC Bias of Darlington Circuits

Base current:
IB
VCC VBE
R B D RE
Emitter current:
IE (D 1)IB DIB
Emitter voltage:
VE IE RE
Base voltage:
VB VE VBE
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Ch.5 Summary
Feedback Pair
This is a two-transistor circuit that operates like a Darlington
pair, but it is not a Darlington pair.
It has similar characteristics:
High current gain
Voltage gain near unity
Low output impedance
High input impedance
The difference is that a Darlington uses a pair of like
transistors, whereas the feedback-pair configuration uses
complementary transistors.
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Ch.5 Summary
Current Mirror Circuits

Current mirror
circuits provide
constant current in
integrated circuits.

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Ch.5 Summary
Current Source Circuits

Constant-current sources can be built using FETs, BJTs, and
combinations of these devices.
I IE
VZ VBE
RE

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IE IC
Ch.5 Summary
Current Source Circuits

VGS = 0V
ID = IDSS = 10 mA

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Ch.5 Summary
Fixed-Bias
Input impedance:
Zi RB || hie
Output impedance:
Zo RC || 1/ hoe
Voltage gain:
Av
Vo
h R || 1/ ho e
fe C
Vi
hie

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Current gain:
Ai
Io
hfe
Ii

Ch.5 Summary
Voltage-Divider Configuration
Input impedance:
Z i R || hie
Output impedance:
Zo RC
Voltage gain:
gain
Av
Current gain:
Ai

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hfe RC || 1/hoe
hie
hfe R
R hie
Ch.5 Summary
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Input impedance:
Zb hfe RE
Zi Ro || Zb
Z b h fe R E
Z i R o || Z b
Output impedance:
Zo RE ||
hie
hfe
Voltage gain:
Av
Vo
RE
Vi RE hie / hfe

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Ai
Current gain:
hfe RB
RB Z b
Ai Av
Zi
RE

Ch.5 Summary
Input impedance:
Zi RE || hib
Output impedance:
Zo RC
Voltage gain:
Av
Vo
h R
fb C
Vi
hib
Current gain:
Ai
Io
hfb 1
Ii

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Ch.5 Summary
Troubleshooting
Check the DC bias voltages
If not correct, check power supply, resistors,
transistor. Also check the coupling capacitor
between amplifier stages.
Check the AC voltages
If not correct check transistor, capacitors and
the loading effect of the next stage.
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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

BJT Transistor Modeling

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The re Transistor Model

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The Hybrid Equivalent Model

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Simplified General h-Parameter Model

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

re vs. h-Parameter Model

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The Hybrid Model

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Common-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Current gain from Av

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Current gain from Av:

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

This is also known as the common-collector configuration.

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Current gain from voltage gain:

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Common-Emitter Collector Feedback

A variation of the common-emitter fixed-bias configuration

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Two-Port Systems Approach

The voltage across

where AvNL is the noload voltage gain

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Effect of Load Impedance on Gain

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc