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12

Skills and
Strategies

Strategic connections
between nonfiction reading
and concept learning
increases academic curiosity
and engagement as well as
use of comprehension skills

12 Skills and
Strategies

1. Main Idea / Supporting


Idea
2. Summarizing /
Paraphrasing
3. Developing Vocabulary
4. Prior Knowledge /
Making Connections
5. Authors Point of View
6. Structural Patterns

7. Using Text
Organizers
8. Using Parts of
the Book
9. Making
Inferences
10.Setting the
Purpose
11.Questioning
12.Visualizing

Main Idea / Supporting Idea


Many students confuse main
idea with topic:
The main idea is the point that
an author wishes to make about a
topic. Sometimes the main idea is
explicit - the author states the
point clearly in the text. However
sometimes the main is implicit
and not readily apparent.

Summarizing/Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is putting someone elses words into your
own words Paraphrasing requires students to use
vocabulary skills. Additionally, they need to use what
they know about syntax and sentence structure.
A summary briefly recounts the important points in a
piece of text. Summarizing materials can help students
with retention of information. It can also be used to
understand the point the author is trying to make.

Developing Vocabulary
In addition to learning word meanings in context, it
is important that vocabulary development should
help students:
Become adept at using a variety of
word recognition strategies
Unlock meanings of technical and
specialized vocabulary
Establish a systematic, lifelong
method of vocabulary inquiry
Become motivated and enthusiastic
about vocabulary study

Prior Knowledge /
Making Connections
Connections occur when students bridge what they
already know with what they are learning.
When students
engage in prereading activities
that make them aware of what
they do and do not know
about a topic, they approach
text with purpose and work to
construct meaning from their
reading experience.

Authors Point of
View
A nonfiction work may be
objective or subjective, neutral
or biased, depending on the
purpose, intended audience, and
type of text.
Teaching students to recognize bias and to
separate fact from opinion is one of the first
steps in helping them to realize that
nonfiction is not always the truth.

Structural Patterns
Awareness of structural
patterns is a reading
strategy that requires the
student to interact with the
text.
Chronological
Compare and Contrast
Cause and Effect
Proposition and Support
Progression of Ideas

Using Text
Organizers
Text organizers are important
features in nonfiction texts
because they facilitate
comprehension and help the
reader locate information:
Chapter Titles, Headings,
Topics
Alternative Typeface
Graphic features
Topic and summary
sentences

Using Parts of the


Book
Nonfiction texts include a variety of
organizational aids, such as:
Preface
Table of Contents
Glossary
Appendix
Index
Strategic readers who learn to use these features
will enhance their comprehension and
understanding of informational texts.

Making Inferences
In order to gain meaning from text, students
must be able to infer. Inference is the process of
judging, concluding, or reasoning based on given
information.
Two levels of comprehension:
Text explicit
Right There!
Think and Search

Text implicit
Author and You
On my own

Setting the Purpose


Why am I reading this?
Strategic readers survey the
reading material and assess
why they are reading it.
Effective readers are those
who identify a purpose for
reading and select
appropriate strategies to
meet the reading goal for a
particular passage.

Questioning
Questioning strategies can help turn a
passive reader into an active reader.
Active readers pursue answers to questions
as they read. Their active questioning leads
them to the next piece of text the next piece
of information.
Through questioning, learning becomes an ongoing process.

Visualizing
Visualizations help readers to immerse
themselves in the reading, making the details
richer and more memorable.
Draw conclusions
Make inferences
Recall important details.

Visual images include all the


senses, as well as emotions that are based on
the readers prior knowledge and experience.

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